Prostate Cancer

Question 1

What is the most common cancer in men in many countries?

Answer 1

Prostate cancer

Question 2

At what PSA level is prostate cancer considered highly suspicious?

Answer 2

Above 10 ng/mL

Question 3

Which zone of the prostate is most commonly affected by cancer?

Answer 3

Peripheral zone (70%)

Question 4

What classification is used to grade prostate cancer aggressiveness?

Answer 4

Gleason Score

Question 5

What is the Gleason Score range for prostate cancer?

Answer 5

6 to 10

Question 6

What does ISUP grading help determine?

Answer 6

Risk of recurrence and treatment strategy

Question 7

What is a common early symptom of prostate cancer?

Answer 7

Often asymptomatic

Question 8

What examination is essential but has low sensitivity for prostate cancer?

Answer 8

Digital rectal examination (DRE)

Question 9

What PSA level is conventionally used as a threshold?

Answer 9

4 ng/mL

Question 10

What factors can increase PSA other than cancer?

Answer 10

BPH, prostatitis, urinary retention, ejaculation

Question 11

What imaging is used to assess prostate anatomy and volume?

Answer 11

TRUS (Transrectal ultrasound)

Question 12

What are the three components of mpMRI?

Answer 12

T2, DWI, DCE

Question 13

What is the standard for prostate cancer localization before biopsy?

Answer 13

mpMRI

Question 14

What biopsy types are used for prostate cancer diagnosis?

Answer 14

Systematic and target biopsy

Question 15

What is the preferred biopsy route for anterior lesions?

Answer 15

Transperineal

Question 16

What scoring system does mpMRI use to assess cancer suspicion?

Answer 16

PI-RADS (1-5)

Question 17

What test is not reliable for detecting prostate cancer alone?

Answer 17

TRUS

Question 18

What is the gold standard treatment for localized prostate cancer?

Answer 18

Radical prostatectomy

Question 19

What does a radical prostatectomy involve removing?

Answer 19

Prostate and seminal vesicles

Question 20

What is a common side effect of radical prostatectomy?

Answer 20

Urinary incontinence and erectile dysfunction

Question 21

What is the goal of the ‘trifecta’ in prostate surgery?

Answer 21

Cancer control, sexual function, urinary continence

Question 22

What are the three nerve-sparing techniques?

Answer 22

Intrafascial, Interfascial, Extrafascial

Question 23

What role do 3D models play in prostate surgery?

Answer 23

Guide nerve-sparing and tumor localization

Question 24

What are complications of lymphadenectomy?

Answer 24

Lymphocele, DVT, infections

Question 25

What are two mini-invasive techniques for prostatectomy?

Answer 25

Laparoscopic and robotic-assisted

Question 26

When is pelvic lymph node dissection performed?

Answer 26

If LNI risk >5% based on nomograms

Question 27

What defines biochemical recurrence post-surgery?

Answer 27

Detectable PSA after it was undetectable

Question 28

What is adjuvant radiotherapy?

Answer 28

Radiotherapy after surgery if margins are positive

Question 29

What is the benefit of robotic-assisted RP?

Answer 29

Better precision and faster recovery

Question 30

What is active surveillance?

Answer 30

Monitoring low-risk prostate cancer with delayed treatment

Question 31

What is watchful waiting?

Answer 31

Palliative approach for elderly or frail patients

Question 32

What is the recurrence rate under active surveillance?

Answer 32

About 30%

Question 33

What is IMRT?

Answer 33

Intensity-modulated radiation therapy

Question 34

What are acute side effects of radiotherapy?

Answer 34

Dysuria, nocturia, diarrhea

Question 35

What are late side effects of radiotherapy?

Answer 35

Urethral stenosis, incontinence, ED

Question 36

When is hormonal therapy used?

Answer 36

For metastatic or advanced prostate cancer

Question 37

What drugs cause medical castration?

Answer 37

LH-RH agonists and antagonists

Question 38

What are common hormonal therapy side effects?

Answer 38

Hot flashes, ED, osteoporosis, metabolic syndrome

Question 39

What imaging is used for advanced prostate cancer staging?

Answer 39

PSMA PET/CT

Question 40

What defines locally advanced prostate cancer?

Answer 40

Extracapsular extension or seminal vesicle invasion

Question 41

What is focal therapy used for?

Answer 41

Single, non-aggressive lesions

Question 42

What type of prostate cancer is most common?

Answer 42

Adenocarcinoma

Question 43

What does T2 stage indicate in prostate cancer?

Answer 43

Tumor confined to the prostate

Question 44

What is the purpose of pelvic MRI?

Answer 44

Assess local staging and nerve involvement

Question 45

When should CT and bone scan be done for staging?

Answer 45

If ISUP grade >3

Question 46

What is the difference between T3 and T4 in staging?

Answer 46

T3 = extracapsular; T4 = invasion of adjacent organs

Question 47

What are PSA kinetics?

Answer 47

PSA velocity and doubling time

Question 48

How often is PSA measured post-surgery?

Answer 48

1 month, 3 months, then yearly

Question 49

What are the main goals in prostate cancer therapy?

Answer 49

Oncological control, quality of life preservation