urinary incontinence

Question 1

What is urinary incontinence?

Answer 1

Any involuntary urine loss through the urethra.

Question 2

What is stress urinary incontinence (SUI)?

Answer 2

Involuntary urine loss during physical effort or increased abdominal pressure.

Question 3

What is urge urinary incontinence (UUI)?

Answer 3

Involuntary urine loss accompanied by or immediately preceded by urgency.

Question 4

What is mixed incontinence?

Answer 4

Combination of stress and urge urinary incontinence symptoms.

Question 5

What is overflow incontinence?

Answer 5

Urine leakage due to bladder overdistension and incomplete emptying.

Question 6

What is the prevalence of urinary incontinence in females over 60?

Answer 6

Approximately 37%.

Question 7

Why is male urinary incontinence less studied?

Answer 7

Due to lower prevalence and fewer studies.

Question 8

What are common impacts of incontinence?

Answer 8

Psychological, social, and economic burdens.

Question 9

How much did urinary incontinence cost the US in 1996?

Answer 9

About 16 billion dollars per year.

Question 10

List risk factors for SUI in women.

Answer 10

Pregnancy, childbirth, menopause, obesity, smoking, pelvic surgery.

Question 11

What neurological conditions can cause UUI?

Answer 11

Multiple sclerosis, Parkinson’s disease, stroke, spinal cord injury.

Question 12

What are secondary causes of detrusor overactivity?

Answer 12

Infections, tumors, stones, radiotherapy, obstruction.

Question 13

What is the role of detrusor pressure in UUI?

Answer 13

Non-inhibitable detrusor contraction increases bladder pressure, exceeding urethral closure pressure.

Question 14

What muscle contracts during bladder voiding?

Answer 14

The detrusor muscle.

Question 15

Which nerves mediate parasympathetic bladder control?

Answer 15

Pelvic nerves (S2–S4).

Question 16

What does sympathetic stimulation do in bladder control?

Answer 16

Facilitates continence via contraction of bladder neck and relaxation of detrusor.

Question 17

What is Onuf’s nucleus responsible for?

Answer 17

Voluntary control of the external urethral sphincter via pudendal nerve.

Question 18

What is the first step in incontinence evaluation?

Answer 18

Detailed medical history and physical examination.

Question 19

What does a voiding diary assess?

Answer 19

Urinary frequency, volume, and leakage episodes.

Question 20

What does the 1-hour pad test measure?

Answer 20

Amount of urine lost; <10g = mild, 11-50g = moderate, >50g = severe.

Question 21

What imaging is commonly used in evaluation?

Answer 21

Abdominal and transvaginal ultrasound.

Question 22

When is MRI used in incontinence workup?

Answer 22

For prolapse assessment in selected cases.

Question 23

What does a Q-tip test evaluate?

Answer 23

Urethral mobility.

Question 24

What is cystometry?

Answer 24

Measurement of bladder pressure during filling to assess detrusor activity.

Question 25

What is pressure-flow study?

Answer 25

Compares detrusor pressure with urine flow rate during voiding.

Question 26

What is PFMT?

Answer 26

Pelvic Floor Muscle Training, used for both SUI and UUI.

Question 27

What is biofeedback in incontinence treatment?

Answer 27

Method to help patients visualize and control pelvic muscle contraction.

Question 28

How does functional electro-stimulation work?

Answer 28

Uses electrical impulses to contract pelvic muscles passively.

Question 29

When is behavioral therapy most effective?

Answer 29

In overweight or obese patients with mild SUI.

Question 30

What drug classes treat UUI?

Answer 30

Antimuscarinics and β3 agonists.

Question 31

What is mirabegron?

Answer 31

A β3 agonist that relaxes the detrusor to improve UUI.

Question 32

What does duloxetine do?

Answer 32

Increases sphincter tone; used for mild SUI.

Question 33

When are estrogens used?

Answer 33

In post-menopausal women to improve urethral mucosa.

Question 34

What is a mid-urethral sling?

Answer 34

A surgical mesh for female SUI, inserted via TVT or TOT.

Question 35

What is TOT?

Answer 35

Transobturator Tape, a surgical approach for sling placement.

Question 36

What is bulbourethral sling?

Answer 36

Sling for male SUI providing posterior support to the urethra.

Question 37

What is artificial urinary sphincter?

Answer 37

Implantable device to treat severe male SUI.

Question 38

When is botulinum toxin A used?

Answer 38

For refractory UUI due to detrusor overactivity.

Question 39

What is sacral neuromodulation?

Answer 39

Electrical stimulation of sacral nerves to control bladder function.

Question 40

What is augmentation cystoplasty?

Answer 40

Surgical bladder enlargement in severe refractory UUI.

Question 41

What is urethral bulking therapy?

Answer 41

Injection of material into the urethra to improve closure in mild SUI.