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PHS 932 > Block 2 Lecture 3 -- Bacteria > Flashcards

Block 2 Lecture 3 -- Bacteria Flashcards

1
Q

What is an inactivated vaccine?

A

vaccine killed with heat or formaldehyde to prevent infection

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2
Q

What is an attenuated vaccine?

A

live vaccine passed through cell culture (eggs or in vivo) to induce mutation and lose infectivity

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3
Q

What is a subunit vaccine?

A

purified/synthesized peptide or DNA subunits to eliminate infection risk

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4
Q

What are examples of inactivated vaccines?

A

polio
influenza
cholera
pertussis

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5
Q

What are examples of attenuated vaccines?

A

MMR, varicella, nasal flu, polio, BCG, typhoid

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6
Q

What are examples of subunit vaccines?

A

hepatitis, tetanus toxoid

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7
Q

How are vaccines characterized?

A

1) inactivated
2) attenuated live
3) subunit

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8
Q

Characterize the DTP vaccine?

A

all whole cell, inactivated

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9
Q

Characterize the DTaP/DTPa/TDaP vaccine?

A
    • whole cell inactivated diphtheria + tetanus

- - acellular (just proteins) pertussis

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10
Q

Characterize the Tdap vaccine?

A
    • low [diphtheria]
    • acellular pertussis
    • whole cell inactivated tetanus
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11
Q

How do extracellular bacteria evade the immune system?

A

1) Ag variation
2) complement inhibition
3) phagocytosis-resistant
4) ROS scavenging

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12
Q

How do intracellular bacteria evade the immune system?

A

1) phagolysosome inhibition
2) inactivating ROS/RNS
3) disruption of phagosome

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13
Q

What antibiotics target the cell wall?

A

PCNs and cephalosporins

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14
Q

What antibiotics target the cell membrane?

A

polymyxins

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15
Q

What antibiotics target bacterial enzymes?

A

rifamycins, sulfonamides, quinolones

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16
Q

What antibiotics target protein synthesis?

A

macrolides, lincosamides, TCNs

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17
Q

What bacteria causes anthrax?

A

bacillus anthracis

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18
Q

What bacteria causes whooping cough?

A

bordetella pertussis

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19
Q

What bacteria causes tetanus?

A

clostridium tetani

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20
Q

What bacteria causes diphtheria?

A

corynebacterium diphtheria

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21
Q

What bacteria causes q fever?

A

coxiella burnetti

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22
Q

What bacteria causes meningitis and pneumonia?

A

haemophilus influenzae

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23
Q

What bacteria causes tb?

A

mycobacterium tuberculosis

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24
Q

What bacteria causes meningococcal meningitis?

A

neisseria meningitides

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25
What bacteria causes typhoid fever?
salmonella typhii
26
What bacteria causes pneumococcal pneumonia?
strep pneumo
27
What bacteria causes cholera?
vibrio cholera
28
For what diseases are vaccines available?
anthrax, whooping cough, tetanus, diphtheria, q fever, meningitis (h. flu), TB, neisseria meningitides, typhus, pneumococcus, cholera
29
What are examples of intracellular bacteria?
mycobacterium, listeria, legionella
30
What bacteria use Ag variation to evade?
neisseria e. coli salmonella
31
What bacteria use phagocytosis-resistance to evade?
pneumococcus
32
What bacteria scavenge ROS to evade?
catalase-positive staph
33
What bacteria use phagolysosome inhibition to evade?
mycobacterium tb, legionella
34
What bacteria inactivate ROS/RNS to evade?
mycobacterium leprae
35
What bacteria disrupt phagosomes to evade?
listeria
36
What is S. aureus' mechanism of pathogenicity?
superantigen damage
37
What is S. pyogenes' mechanism of pathogenicity?
inflammation due to toxins
38
What is E. coli's mechanism of pathogenicity?
toxins acting on ion pumps to cause water loss, LPS
39
What is V. cholerae's mechanism of pathogenicity?
increased cAMP in intestine to cause more Cl- and H2O loss
40
What is C. tetani's mechanism of pathogenicity?
irreversible contraction
41
What is N. meningitidis' mechanism of pathogenicity?
potent endotoxin
42
What is C. diphtherae's mechanism of pathogenicity?
inhibit protein synthesis
43
What is mycobacteria's mechanism of pathogenicity?
macrophage activation and damage
44
What is Listeria's mechanism of pathogenicity?
damage cell membranes
45
What is Legionella's mechanism of pathogenicity?
lung injury and inflammation
46
What are the targets of vaccines?
bacteria and infected cells
47
What are the targets of antibiotics?
bacterial surface and proteins
48
How is the innate antiviral state established?
infected cell secretes type 1 IFN (alpha, beta) cytokines
49
What is the alternative complement pathway?
complement (c3) binds directly to microbe surface
50
What is the lectin complement pathway?
MBL (from liver) binds mannose and C4/C2
51
LPS binds which TLR
4
52
Peptidoglycan binds which TLRs?
1, 2, 5, 6
53
dsRNA binds which TLR
3
54
ssRNA and DNA bindd which TLR
7, 9
55
What is the innate inflammatory response to extracellular infection?
cytokines (TNF, IL-1, IL-6) chemokines adhesion molecules costimulatory molecules (CD80, CD86)
56
How is cytokines storm initiated?
no immune clearance or superantigens
57
What cytokines are involved in cytokine sotrm?
TNF, IFN-gamma, IL-12 think th1 + th2 + innate
58
What is the result of cytokine storm?
stimulation of adaptive immunity - B cell over-activation - cross reactive autoimmunity
59
What is the result of intracellular bacterial infection?
- - IL-12 innate by M0 - - MHC-1 presentation to innate - - stimulation of NK killing, NK secretes IFN-gamma (th1 response) - - complement, opsonization - - MHC2 stimulates IFN-gamma - IgG and ADCC, classical macrophage activation
60
What is the innate response to intracellular bacterial infection?
NK cells
61
What is the innate response to extracellular bacterial infection?
inflammation
62
What is the main adaptive response component to intracellular infection?
T
63
What is the main adaptive response component to extracellular infection?
Abs
64
How is the immune system activated primarily in intracellular infection?
upregulation of cell activation receptors
65
How is the immune system activated primarily in extracellular bacterial infection?
endotoxins, exotoxins
66
What are mechanisms of evasion in intracellular bacterial infection?
1) lysis inhibition 2) superantigens 3) septic shock
67
Components of G+ bacteria
1) thick PTG 2) teichoic acid/lipoteichoic acid 3) low [lipids] 4) exotoxins 5) resistant to physical disruption but susceptible to Abx
68
Components of G- bacteria
1) thin single layer PTG 2) periplasmic space 3) outer membrane 4) hi [LPS] 5) hi [lipids] 6) endotoxins 7) porins

PHS 932 (23 decks)

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