Block 2 Lo

Question 1

Describe veterbral formula for dog

Answer 1

C7 T13 L7 S3 Ca 20-23

Question 2

Describe the features of a typical vertebra

Answer 2

have vertebral body, vertebral arch, spinous process, transverse process, articular process

Question 3

Describe the difference between veterbral foramen, vertebral canal, and intervertebral foramen

Answer 3

Vertebral canal - formed by vertebral foramen and houses spinal cord
Veterbral foramen - surrounded by arch and dorsal surfact of body
Intervertal foramen - is between adjacent vertebrae, spinal nerves course through

Question 4

Describe the distinguishing features of vertebrae in each region

Answer 4

Cervical - C1 (atlas) large transverse processes, C2 (axis) prominent spinous process and dens, C3-C6 “typical, transverse foramen present, C7 - has no transverse foramen
Thoracic - long spinouse processes, short transverse processes
Lumbar - Large bodies, transverse process point cranially, prominent spinous processes
Sacrum - Fueled transverse processes
Caudal - First few are “typical” then become mroe rod shaped

Question 5

Describe the joints and ligaments associated with the vertebrae

Answer 5

Joints - Atlanta-occipital (yes), Atlantoaxial (no), Costal cartilage, Costochondral junction,
Ligaments - transverse ligament of atlas (holds dens to atlas), Supraspinous ligament (dorsal along processes), Nuchal ligament (cranial extension of Supra spinous)

Question 6

describe the articulation of ribs with vertebrae

Answer 6

the tubercle of ribs articulate with transverse processes with the same number

Question 7

Define axial muscles and explain the difference between epaxial and hypaxial muscles including their general location and function

Question 8

Describe the action of muscles on the pelvic limb joint according to loaction of muscles relative to the joints

Question 9

describe the bones and parts of the bones that form the coxofemoral joint

Question 10

name and identify the ligaments and structures associated with the coxofemoral and stifle joints and describe their functions

Question 11

Give examples of muscle funcitions

Question 12

describe the type of muscles and mucles fibers

Question 13

describe basic components of skeletal muscle, muscle fiber, and myofibril

Question 14

describe the organizaation of skeletal muscle

Question 15

describe physiological events of muscle contraction

Question 16

describe 2 types of smooth muscle

Question 17

describe the physical structure of smooth and cardiac muscle

Question 18

describe the function of the intercalated disks in the cardiac muscle

Question 19

define common integument

Question 20

describe the role of skin

Question 21

describe hair types

Question 22

describe footpads

Question 23

define the nails, claws, and hooves

Question 24

define horns

Question 25

list functions and protective properties of skin

Question 26

describe the layers of the epidermis and cells types

Question 27

describe the funtion of keratin and melanin

Question 28

outline the structure of dermis

Question 29

outline the structures of hairs and feathers

Question 30

explain skins role in thermoregulation

Question 31

give overview of hoof structure

Question 32

Describe the parts of a spinal nerve

Question 33

describe the nerve pleus and its purpose

Question 34

distinguish between sensory and motor, volunatary and involuntary

Question 35

distinguish between autonomic and stomatic motor circuit

Question 36

describe the PsNS and SNA and how tartes are innercated by them

Question 37

describe how autonomic controls the heart and nerves involved

Question 38

List crainal nerves (number as well) and if they are sensory or motor

Question 39

List 3 meninges and their characteristics

Question 40

describe ventricular system

Question 41

describe where the CSF is formed and sbsorbed

Question 42

List CSF functions

Question 43

describe the cause of the BBB low permeability and how some important nutrients are transported across it

Question 44

list 6 major classes of neurotransmitters

Question 45

explain how CA are involved with synapse

Question 46

Describe the components of action potental graph and ion impacts at each stage

Question 47

explain Action potential

Question 48

Explain EPSE ot IPSP and how it influences membrane potental changes

Question 49

Explain resting membrane potential

Question 50

describe major factors of maintaining RMP

Question 51

describe the function of nodes of Ranvier and saltatory conduction

Question 52

what is myelin and where does it originate

Question 53

explain differences between unmyelinated vs myelinated

Question 54

explain the different types of neurons and their locations in the body

Question 55

list the classifications of nerurons and descrive their functions

Question 56

describe the structure and functional differences between the CNS and PNS

Question 57

Describe the sympathetic and parasympathetoc divisons of the autonomic nervous system

Question 58

describe the difference between a neuron and a neuroglial cells

Question 59

eplain the components of the neuron and theor functions