Block #3 Flashcards
(248 cards)
1
Q
What is anisocaria?
A
Unequal pupil size
2
Q
What is the ganglia just prior to the efferent parasympathetic supply of the iris?
A
Ciliary ganglia
3
Q
What occurs with a lesion of the optic chiasm?
A
Complete version and PLR loss
4
Q
What might be a lesion of the optic chiasm?
A
Pituitary tumor
5
Q
What is hemianopsia?
A
Loss of the opposite side of the visual field
6
Q
What is central/cortical blindness?
A
Blindness resulting by a lesion at or after the lateral geniculate nucleus
7
Q
What is a situation that would not cause anisocoria but blindness?
A
Lesion at or after the lateral geniculate nucleus
8
Q
Is efferent or afferent dilation more marked?
A
Efferent
9
Q
What causes a D shaped pupil?
A
Nasal or temporal branch of the parasympathetic innervation of a cat’s eye
10
Q
What causes cavernous sinus syndrome?
A
Autonomic nerves passing through cavernous sinus due to the many cranial nerves through here
11
Q
What is electrophysiology?
A
Used to asses retinal function
12
Q
What is another name for the forebrain?
A
Proencephalon
13
Q
What are the components of the forebrain?
A
Telencephalon and diencephalon
14
Q
What diagnostics do you use for cranial bone?
A
CT
15
Q
What diagnostic do you use for cranial tissue?
A
MRI
16
Q
What is the most common degenerative disease in dogs?
A
Canine cognitive dysfunction
17
Q
What is the most common anomaly/developmental disease in dogs?
A
Congenital hydrocephalus
18
Q
What causes hepatic encephalitis?
A
Liver is unable to filter our toxins that enter blood
19
Q
What causes hypoglycemic encephalopathy?
A
Brain has too little glucose, usually seizures
20
Q
What causes electrolyte-associated encephalopathy?
A
Brain has too little Na or Ca, usually seizures
21
Q
What is the most common brain neoplasia in dogs?
A
Meningiomas
22
Q
What is the 2nd most common brain neoplasia in dogs?
A
Gliomas
23
Q
What are the 2 viral forebrain diseases, one for each species?
A
Dog: Distemper
Cat: FIP
24
Q
What will IPSP cause? EPSP?
A
IPSP: hyper polarization
EPSP: hypo polarization
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What are excitatory neurotransmitters?
Glutamate
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What are inhibitory neurotransmitters?
GABA
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What are synchronization options with seizures (3)?
Neurons wire together
Increased GAP junctions
Structural changes in brain
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What are the 4 steps to pathophysiology of seizures?
Depolarization
Synaptic transmission
Synchronization
Generalization
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What is an autonomic seizure
Drooling
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What is the convulsive seizure?
Generalized
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Is herd twitching in bulldogs a seizure?
NO
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Where do seizures always originate?
Forebrain
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What are reactive seizures?
Metabolic, nutritional, and toxicity
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What is the most common form of epilepsy in dogs?
Idiopathic epilepsy
35
What are the 6 viral neurologic diseases?
EEE
WEE
VEE
Rabies
WNV
EHV-1
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What are the 2 protozoa of EPM?
S neurona
Neospora hughessi
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What time of helminth will cause CNS issues in horses?
nematodes
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What is EHV-1
Myeloencephalopathy
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What reproductive issue does EHV-1 pose?
Abortion
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How is EHV-1 managed?
Need to be isolated
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How is EHV-1 tested?
Nasal swabs, whole blood, CSF
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Is there a vaccine for EHV-1
NO
43
What is WNV vector?
Mosquito
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What are the clinical sings of WNV?
Fever, others are variable
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When should you vaccine a horse for the mosquito born diseases?
Before vector season
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What is EEE vector?
MosquitoW
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What is the region that has highest EEE?
Regions with freshwater hardwood swamps
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Does EEE have a profound inflammatory response?
YES!
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Under CSF what is uniquely seen under EEE?
neutrophilic pleocytosis
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Is EEE reportable?
YES!
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What is the definitive host of EPM?
Opossums!
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What are sings of EPM - AAA?
Asymmetry
Atrophy
Ataxia
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What must both be run to diagnose EPM?
Serology on serum AND CSF at same time
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What is a tremor?
involuntary rhythmic movement of any part of the body
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What is myoclonus?
Repeated arrhythmic shock-like jerks
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What is tetanus?
Continuous contraction of extensor muscles
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What is tetany?
Intermittent and variable contraction of extensor muscles
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What is myotonia?
Sustained muscle contraction with delayed relaxation
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What is fasciculation?
Contractioned muscle fibers, associatiated with motor unit (under skin only)
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What is dystonia?
Sustained involuntary contraction of a group of muscles producing abnormal posture (only one you can see with a picture)
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Why can you not treat all tremors with steroids?
Neosporosis!
Bacterial infection, steroids would cause immune suppression
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What is feline Riemann-Pick disease (Sphingomyelinosis)
An abiotrophy in cats
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What disease can be treated with steroids?
Steroid responsive tremor syndrome
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What is the main cause of acute tremors?
Steroid response tremor syndrome
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Which infectiontious disease can you not forget to consider?
Neosporosis
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Which dog bread has most idiopathic head tremors?
Bulldogs
66
Which disease can be treated with a gluten free diet?
Paroxysmal dyskinesia
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What do epileptic seizures ALWAYS have?
Facial involvement
68
What are the 3 functions of cerebellum?
Balance
vision
motor learning
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What are the 3 functions of brain cerebrum
Sensory
Motor
Association
69
What controls cardiovascular and respiratory function?
medulla oblongata
70
What are the 2 parts of the vestibular system?
Semicircular canals
Otoliths
71
What is pathogenesis of THO
Articulation of bone between sytlohyoid and temporal bone that cuts off facial and vestibular nerve
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What causes cerebellar abiotrophy
Mutation of MUTYH gene leading to degeneration of Purkinje cells
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What horse breed is disposed to cerebellar abiotrophy?
Egyptian Arabian Foals
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When does idiopathic epilepsy appear in Egyptian Arabian Foals?
days to weeks
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What are clinical signs of yellow star toxicity?
Horses cannot chew, open, or close mouth completely
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What causes recurrent laryngeal neuropathy?
Lesion of the recurrent laryngeal nerve on the left side
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What bacteria is associated with moldy corn toxicity?
Fusarium verticilloids
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What side of the body does Roaring affect?
leftq
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What 2 cranial nerves does THO affect?
facial and vestibular (7 and 8)
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What can be a sequelae of THO causing less tear production and less blinking?
Facial nerve paralysis will often cause corneal ulcers
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What is a sign of horner's in horses?
Horses will get sweaty on their neck
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What is the difference between abiotrophy and hypoplasia
Hypoplasia is present at birth why abiotrophy is caused by a mutation in the MUTYH gene
82
What does MUTYH code for?
Glycosyloase involved in DNA damage repair
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What is the most common cause of peripheral vestibular disease?
Otis media/interna
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What is the second most common cause of peripheral vestibular disease?
Idiopathic geriatric vestibuler disease
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What is the most common primary brain tumor in dogs?
Meningioma
85
What does a vertical nystagmus mean?
Central vestibular disease
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What are the 2 types of strokes?
Ischemic
Hemorrhagic
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What are the 3 most common central diseases of vestibular note?
Neoplasia
Infectious/Inflammatory
Vascular event
88
Is optic neuritis bilateral?
Yes
89
What is idiopathic bilateral inflammation of cranial nerve 5?
Trigeminal neuritis
89
What is the ocular form of GMA cause?
Optic neuritis
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What does trigeminal neuritis cause?
Inability to close jaw
91
IDOPATHIC FACIAL NERVE PARYLSIS
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What is a metabolic dysfunction of the facial nerve?
Hypothyroidism
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What is a radio mimetic agent?
Property of killing rapidly dividing cells
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What does BVDv cause props to 100 days?
death
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What does BVDv cause between 100 and 170 days?
spinal or cranial dysplasia
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What in BVDv after 170 days?
An immune fetus
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What is pachygyria?
Less formation of gyria
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What is lissencepahly?
Absent formation of gyri
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When does myelination begin?
Mid gestation in cerebrum
97
What is porencephaly?
Result of radiomimetic agent that kills cells in a structure whose development is well underway
98
When is myelination in cerebellum?
Late gestation and into post-natal
99
What is dysmyelination?
Poor or improper formation of myelin
100
Are bitter cells present during dysmyelination?
NO
101
What do gutter cells do?
Bitter cells actively demyelinate
102
What is reduced in border disease virus and what is affected due to this change?
Hypomyelination caused by less T3 and T4 to form myelin from oligodendrocytes
102
What is sway back?
Cu deficiency in utero
102
Describe sway back and post natal deficiency of Cu.
Cytochrome oxidase and superoxide dismutase needed as cofactor in development
Cu deficiency in utero will cause porencephaly
Cu deficiency post natal is due to Cu in milk
103
How can you tell the difference between hypomyelinogensis and demyelination?
Presence of gitter cells with demyeliantion
104
What is hydrocephalus?
Impeded CSF causing increased intracraneal pressure causing atrophy of perivenctricular tissues
104
What are the 2 chokepoints of CSF?
Mesencephalic aqueduct
Lateral apertures
105
What is the difference between communicating hydrocephalus and internal hydrocephalus?
Communicating = loss of resorptive function
Obstructive = internal hydrocephalus
106
How do you diagnose lysosomal storage disorders?
Diagnosed by looking for vacuoles under stained tissue
106
What is seen histologically of cerebellar abiotrophy
Selective necrosis of purkinje cells
107
How do you differentiate abiotrophy from hypoplasia?
Abiotrophy is progressive
107
Wha tis a primary tumor?
Arise within the tissue
107
What is a secondary tumor?
Spread from elsewhere
108
What is carcinogenesis?
Normal cell acquires the capacity for autonomous growth
108
Does the blood brain barrier help prevent immune cells from entering?
NO!
108
What are the steps of carcinogenesis?
Intiation
Replicaiton
Progression
109
What are indicators of aggressive biological behavior in the nervous system?
Lack of differentiation
Cells of variable size
Shape
Evidence of rapid growth
Metastasis
110
If it is a secondary tumor, is it likely malignant?
YES
111
Does CNS immune cells express MHCII?
NO! Just MHC I
112
How do we manage damage to CNS through inflammation?
Regulator T cells
113
In CNS disease, if it suppurative, what shouldd you think first?
Bacteria
113
What is meningoencephalitis?
Local infection that becomes overwhelmed causing bacteremia leading to clumps releasing and causing an infarct
113
In CNS if it is granulomatous, what should you think first?
Fungal
114
In CNS disease, if it is fibrinous, what shoudl you think first?
Pathogen that damages vascular walls
115
What causes CNS bacterial disease in immune competent animals?
Meningioencephalitis (bacteria covered in antibodies leading to infarct)
115
What is a bacterial infection through blood stream called?
hematogenous infection
116
What bacteria travels up peripheral axons?
Listeria
117
What promotes growth of listeria?
Ensiled forages
118
What cranial nerve does listeria enter?
Trigeminal
119
What is the variant of feline enteric coronavirus?
FIP
119
What is the inclusion body for rabies called?
Negri body
120
What is the cell target of FIP?
Monocyte
121
What is the mechanism of CAE?
Autoreactive T cells are formed against oligodendrocytes causing primary demyelination
122
What can be seen under light microscopy?
Fungi, protozoa, bacteria, and inclusions
122
What determines if a fungus is in sexual or asexual forms?
Temperature
123
Are prions inactivated by heat?
NO
124
Are prions inflammatory?
NO
125
What is the tear producing glands?
Lacrimal gland and gland of the nictitating membrane
125
How are prions diagnosed?
Ames Iowa using proteolysis
125
What is the formula for CN of the eye muscles?
(LR6DO4)3
126
What is exophthalmus?
Globe is pushed forward
127
What is buphthasmus?
Globe is enlarged - chronic glaucoma
128
What is phthisis bulb?
Shrunken, blind globe
128
What is enophthalmos?
Retraction of globe into the head
128
What is microphthalmos?
Small globe size
129
What causes orbital cellulitis?
Migrating foreign bodies or systemic infection
130
What are clinical signs of orbital cellulitis?
Acute, pain on opening mouth, exophthalmos
131
What is myositis?
Acute swelling of the muscles of mastication and eventually atrophy
131
What is trismus?
Swollen firm muscles of mastication (lock jaw)
132
How do you diagnose trismus?
autoantibodies to 2m muscle fibers
133
What breed is extraoccular muscle polymyositis common in?
Golden retriever
133
What type of dogs is traumatic proptosis most common in?
brachycephalic dogs
134
What is extra ocular muscle polymyositis?
Immune mediated acute swelling of extra ocular muscles
135
What is a clinical sign of extra ocular muscle polymyositis?
Bilateral exophthalmus
135
What is the prognosis of orbital neoplasia in most cases?
Grave, malignant
136
What is traumatic proptosis?
Forward displacement of the globe with entrapment of eyelids
136
Is orbital neoplasia secondary or primary in dogs?
Primary
136
Is orbital neoplasia primary or secondary in cats?
secondary
137
Presence of PLR in traumatic proptosis is a good sign!
138
What is distichiasis?
Cilia originating from the meibomian gland and exiting from their openings and rubbing on cornea
138
What is trichiasis?
Cilia or hair from normal location contacting the cornea due to abnormal direction of hair
139
What is blephorospams/
squinting
139
What are clinical signs of trichiasis?
Wetting around eye, blephorospasm, maybe ulceration
140
What species does a coloboma occur in a lot?
cats
140
What is ectopic cilia?
Cilia originating from meibomian gland but exiting from palpebral conjunctive
140
What is epiphora?
Tearing
140
What is a coloboma?
Upper lateral eyelid is not formed
140
What are clinical signs of ectopic cilia?
very painful, swelling
141
What is ankyloblepharon?
Physiologic adhesion of the eyelids
142
What is ophthalmia neonatorum?
Delayed eyelid opening associated with infection under the eyelids
143
What is the bacteria for ophthalmia neonatorium in dogs? in cats?
dog- Staph
cat - Herpes
143
What is macroblepharon?
Widening of the eyes
144
What is spastic entropion?
Chronic blepharospasm usually associated with chronic ulcer
144
What are the 4 types of acquired entropion?
Spastic entropion
Cicatricial entropion
Aeromegaly (intact cats, fat cheeks)
Age-related
145
What is cicatricial entropion?
Spastic entropion with resulting fibrosis of the orbicular muscle
145
What is the most common neoplasm is dogs?
Meibomian gland adenoma
146
What is ectropion?
Outward turning of the eyelid margins causing ocular surface
147
What are the 4 most common eyelid neoplasias?
Meibomian gland adenoma, squamous cell, papilloma, melanoma
147
What can ectropion cause?
Keratitis and conjunctivitis
147
What should you always do with an eyelid neoplasia?
Evert eyelid to see full extent
147
What is the most common neoplasia in cats, cows, and horses?
Squamous cell carcinoma
148
How do you diagnose SCC?
biopsy
149
Are eyelid neoplasias normally benign?
Yes
149
What are 4 most common sites for a equid SCC?
Eyelid, medial cants, 3rd eyelid, lateral corneal limbus
149
What are the 3 most common cancers in horse eyelid?
SCC
fibrosarcoma
melanoma
150
What type of horse is most likely to get a melanoma?
Grey horse
150
What causes bovine SCC?
White faced cows
UV light
Herfords
Papilloma virus
151
What does blepharitis mean?
Inflammatory condition of the eyelid
151
What 2 types of mites can be found around eyelid?
Sarcoptes
Demodex
151
Which mite, sarcoptes and demodex, causes puritus?
Sarcoptes
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