block 5 lecture 1 lococmotion

Question 1

what two things is the locomotion system responsible for?

Answer 1

propelling us forward and stopping us falling over

Question 2

advantages of being bipedal? (3)

Answer 2

frees our hands, elevates our heads and allow us to walk on uneven terrain

Question 3

disadvantages of walking bipedally?

Answer 3

biochemical challenge

Question 4

what is the gait cycle?

Answer 4

how our limbs interact with the ground, heal coming into contact with the ground twice

Question 5

what are the two main phases of the gait cycle?

Answer 5

stance phase and swing phase

Question 6

what are the relative percentages of the stance and swing phases?

Answer 6

stance: 60%
swing: 40%

Question 7

during running both feet are off the ground, what is the role of tendon?

Answer 7

tendons absorb and release energy during running

Question 8

when muscles surrounding bones contract what forms around joints?

Answer 8

torque

Question 9

what is the torque?

Answer 9

the rotational force

Question 10

what are agonist and antagonistic muscle?

Answer 10

upon contraction cause opposing motions

Question 11

if a muscle actively contracts is this accentric or eccentric?

Answer 11

accentric

Question 12

if a muscle length increases is this accentric or eccentric?

Answer 12

eccentric

Question 13

what do synergistic muscles do?

Answer 13

they do the same thing

Question 14

what are tendons?

Answer 14

tough bands of connective tissue that connect muscle to bone

Question 15

what do ligaments attach?

Answer 15

bone to bone

Question 16

what does the cerebellum do in relation to locomotion?

Answer 16

motor control and balance

Question 17

where does the cerebellum receive information from?

Answer 17

the spinal cord

Question 18

what does the cerebellum do with the information it receives from the spinal cord?

Answer 18

processes it and fine tunes motor control

Question 19

what is flexion?

Answer 19

reduction of an angle at a joint

Question 20

what is the opposite of flexion?

Answer 20

extension

Question 21

some joints don’t conform to usual definitions of flexion and extension, what is nodding of the head forward?

Answer 21

flexion

Question 22

some joints don’t conform to usual definitions of flexion and extension, what is moving leg backwards?

Answer 22

extension

Question 23

what is abduction?

Answer 23

move a limb away from the midline

Question 24

what is it called when you move a limb closer to the mid line?

Answer 24

aduction

Question 25

what is dorsiflexion?

Answer 25

moving the toes upwards

Question 26

what is plantar flexion?

Answer 26

pointing the toes down wards

Question 27

what is a main extension muscle at the hip?

Answer 27

glutenous maximus

Question 28

where does the glutenous maximus insert in the femur?

Answer 28

proximal aspect of the femur

Question 29

in relation to the glutenous maximus where do you fine the glutenous mimimus and medius?

Answer 29

deep to the glutinous maximu

Question 30

what do the glutenous mimimus and medius cause?

Answer 30

abduction

Question 31

what is the sartorious good for?

Answer 31

lateral rotation of the hip

Question 32

what do the quadriceps do? (2)

Answer 32

extension of the knee and flexion of the thigh

Question 33

what do the hamstring do? (2)

Answer 33

flex the knee and extend the thigh

Question 34

what are the antagonist and agonist pair in the thigh?

Answer 34

hamstring and quads

Question 35

what muscle causes dorsiflexion of the foot?

Answer 35

tibialis anterior

Question 36

what causes plantar-flexion?

Answer 36

gastronemeus contraction

Question 37

what is the arch in the foot good for?

Answer 37

weight transfer

Question 38

where is the center of mass?

Answer 38

in the pelvis in the 2nd ... vertebrae

Question 39

standing bipedally where does the centre of mass lie over

Answer 39

over base of support, slightly forward

Question 40

what position is the foot in during heal strike?

Answer 40

dorsiflexion

Question 41

during the stance phase how is swing deccelerated?

Answer 41

contraction of hip extensors (glutenous maximus)

Question 42

during the stance phase what preserves the longitudinal arch of the foot?

Answer 42

intrinsic muscles of the foot and long tendons of the foot

Question 43

during the loading phase what is done to decelerate mass?

Answer 43

ankle plantar flexors (triceps surae)

Question 44

how is the pelvis stabilized during the loading phase?

Answer 44

hip abductors (glutenous medius and minimus)

Question 45

what accelerates mass during terminal stance phase?

Answer 45

plantar flexors

Question 46

what preserves the arch of the foot during the terminal stance phase?

Answer 46

intrinsic muscles of the foot and long tendons of the foot

Question 47

during the pre-swing phase what decelerates the thingh

Answer 47

flexor of the hip

Question 48

during the preswing phase what accelerates mass?

Answer 48

long flexors of the digits

Question 49

during the preswing phase what preserves the arches of the foot?

Answer 49

intrinsic muscles of the foot and the long tendons of the foot

Question 50

what is used to accelerate the thigh during initial swing?

Answer 50

flexor of the hip

Question 51

what is used to clear the foot during the initial swing phase?

Answer 51

ankle dorsi flexors

Question 52

what decelerates the thigh during the terminal swing?

Answer 52

hip extensors

Question 53

what can affect locomotion?

Answer 53

structural damage, ageing, foot wear, arthiritis

Question 54

how does ageing change locomotion?

Answer 54

reduces stride length

Question 55

within the stance phase what are the subsections?

Answer 55

heel strike, loading phase, terminal stance

Question 56

what happens to gait in antalgic gait?

Answer 56

reduces lime and loading on one foot decreased stance phase limp

Question 57

what happens in ataxis gait?

Answer 57

unsteady uncoordinated walk wide base heal toe = double tap

Question 58

what happens in Parkinson gait?

Answer 58

involuntary movemtn, short accelerating steps on tip toes

Question 59

what happens in myopathic gait?

Answer 59

pelvis is not stabalised due to muscular diseases so patient tilts towards non weight baring leg

Question 60

what happens in neuropathic gait?

Answer 60

dorsi flexors are weak, high stepping gait to avoid leg dragging

Question 61

how is the pelvis adapted for bipedal walking?

Answer 61

curled iliac blades and wight is distributed

Question 62

what happens in trendelburg gait?

Answer 62

small glutes, pelvis cant keep straight, upper body rotates towards affected side

Question 63

how is the femur adapted for bipedal walking?

Answer 63

large head, angle brings base of support closer to the centre of mass

Question 64

how is the iliofemoral ligament adapted for bipedal walking?

Answer 64

stops trunk rotating backwards

Question 65

how is the vertebrae adapted to bipedal walking?

Answer 65

curved and ensure the centre of mass is positioned over the foot

Question 66

what ios good about the arch of the foor in bipedal walking?

Answer 66

good for weight transfer