block 5 lecture 15 functional regions of the brain

Question 1

how many neuron pathways are there in the ascending pathways?

Answer 1

3 neuron pathways

Question 2

what does the first order neuron do in the ascending pathway?

Answer 2

info from spinal cord or brain stem

Question 3

what does the second order neuron do in the ascending pathway?

Answer 3

nucleus in CNS to thalamus

Question 4

what does the third order neuron do in the ascending pathway?

Answer 4

thalamus to the sensory cortex

Question 5

what happens in descending pathways?

Answer 5

upper motor neurons run from cerebrum/brainstem to the lower motor neuron in the spinal cord

Question 6

what are the grooves in the brain called?

Answer 6

sulci

Question 7

what are the lumps in the brain?

Answer 7

gyri

Question 8

what are the boundries of the frontal lobe?

Answer 8

central sulcus and lateral sulcus

Question 9

what is behind the central sulcus?

Answer 9

parietal lobe

Question 10

what separates the parietal and occipital lobes?

Answer 10

parieto-occipital sulcus

Question 11

what separates the frontal and parietal lobes?

Answer 11

the lateral sulcus

Question 12

what is the pre central gyrus?

Answer 12

gyrus infront of the central lobe

Question 13

what is the gyrus behind the central sulcus called?

Answer 13

post central gyrus

Question 14

what does the precentral gyrus form?

Answer 14

primary motor cortex

Question 15

what form the primary sensory cortex?

Answer 15

post central gyrus

Question 16

what are the connections between the primary sensory and motor cortex?

Answer 16

fibers

Question 17

why does a lesion to one of the primary cortex mean there are problems with sensory and motor systems?

Answer 17

connections between the two

Question 18

what is the homonculi?

Answer 18

axons are arranged in a somatotropic arrangement

Question 19

how are the head and face presented on the homunculi?

Answer 19

most laterally

Question 20

how are the lower limbs represented on the homunculi?

Answer 20

medially

Question 21

what are the exceptions to the homunculi arrangement?

Answer 21

somatosensory cortex, posterior columns

Question 22

what is the journey of the corticospinal pathway?

Answer 22

arise in the primary motor cortex and run down via the internal capsule, through the pyramid and into the spinal cord

Question 23

where is the pyramidal decussation?

Answer 23

at the end of the medulla

Question 24

what are the fibers that decussate in the pyramids celled?

Answer 24

lateral corticospinal tract

Question 25

where are the signs and symptoms of CNS problems?

Answer 25

usually conterolateraly

Question 26

where are the signs and symptoms of PNS problems?

Answer 26

usually ipsilateral

Question 27

how is the motor neuron for the upper face presented?

Answer 27

bilaterally

Question 28

what do corticol and internal capsule lesions give rise to?

Answer 28

motor and sensory problems

Question 29

what does a lesion in the pyramidal region cause?

Answer 29

purely motor problems

Question 30

why does a lesion to the thalamus cause alot of problems?

Answer 30

alot of connections, alot of synapsing occurs here

Question 31

how do lesions of the thalamus present?

Answer 31

controlateraly

Question 32

how does the posterior colums rise?

Answer 32

ipsilaterally

Question 33

what presents in a pons lesion?

Answer 33

discosiated sensory loss

Question 34

what is the structure of the cerebellum?

Answer 34

two hemispheres and central vermis

Question 35

what does the vestibular system of the thalamus control?

Answer 35

equilibrium and muscle tone

Question 36

what is the hind brain also called?

Answer 36

rhombencephalon

Question 37

what is the vestibular system also called?

Answer 37

floculanodular system

Question 38

what does the palecerebellum control?

Answer 38

propulsive, stereotypes movement

Question 39

what is the system of the palecerebellum?

Answer 39

spinocerebellum

Question 40

what does the neurocerebellum control?

Answer 40

coordination of skilled voluntary movements

Question 41

what is the formation of grey and white matter in the cerebellum?

Answer 41

grey is on the outside and white is on the inside

Question 42

what does the right cerebellum control?

Answer 42

right side of the body

Question 43

what does the vermis control?

Answer 43

the whole body

Question 44

what are the two principle motor systems of the descending pathway?

Answer 44

pyramidal and extrapyramidal

Question 45

what do the basal ganglia coordinate with?

Answer 45

upper motor neurons

Question 46

what is the pyramidal system?

Answer 46

the direct activation pathway - voluntary movements

Question 47

what is the extrapyramidal pathway?

Answer 47

the indirect pathway - control of movement

Question 48

what is the indirect pathway for?

Answer 48

maintaining posture and balance, preplanned movement repertoire, compensatory movements, voluntary excitation on top of involuntary excitation

Question 49

what does the indirect pathway facilitate?

Answer 49

selective activation or suppression of movements, initiation of movement, setting rate and force of movement, coordinating movement

Question 50

what impulses does the indirect pathway control?

Answer 50

corticol neural impulses

Question 51

what plans movement?

Answer 51

pre frontal cortex

Question 52

what does the basal ganglia do to begin movement?

Answer 52

receives information which sends impulses to the cortex to initiate movement