BLOCK 5 LECTURE 10 MOTOR

Question 1

what makes up the brain stem?

Answer 1

mid brain, pons, medulla oblongata

Question 2

what is the channel through the mid brain called?

Answer 2

cerebrospinal aqueduct

Question 3

what is behind the cerebroaqueduct?

Answer 3

tectum

Question 4

where do the nerves in the midbrain originate from?

Answer 4

interpeducular fossa

Question 5

what in on either side of the fossa?

Answer 5

peduncles

Question 6

what are the two ridges on either side of the medulla called?

Answer 6

pyramids

Question 7

what are the pyramids separated by?

Answer 7

medial sulcus

Question 8

where are the nuclei for the first two cranial nerves?

Answer 8

for brain

Question 9

where are the nuclei for cranial nerves 5-8?

Answer 9

pons

Question 10

where are the nuclei for the cranial nerves 9-12?

Answer 10

medulla

Question 11

what is the 4 pack on the dorsal suface of the midbrain?

Answer 11

colliculi

Question 12

what is the only cranial nerve that comes out of the dorsal aspect of the CNS?

Answer 12

4th cranial nerve

Question 13

what are the two neuron pathways in the descending tracts?

Answer 13

upper motor neurons and lower motor neurons

Question 14

where do lower motor neurons have their cell body?

Answer 14

brain stem or spinal cord

Question 15

where do lower motor neurons run to?

Answer 15

effector muscles

Question 16

what happens in the reflex arc?

Answer 16

impulse enters the spinal cord via an interneuron and travels back via lower motor neurons

Question 17

where do upper motor neurons originate?

Answer 17

cerebral cortex, cerebellum and brain stem

Question 18

what are the structures of the internal capsule?

Answer 18

anterior limb, genu, posterior limb and retrolentiform area

Question 19

with regards to the somatotropic arangement of the LMN, in dorsal columns what does a more medial fiber mean?

Answer 19

the more distal

Question 20

how are the fibers running to the flexors and extensors arranged in the grey matter?

Answer 20

flexor fibers posterior

extensors are anterior

Question 21

what is the ventromedial group of tracts for?

Answer 21

postural and girdle muscles

Question 22

what are the dorsolateral tracts for?

Answer 22

distal muscles and fine movements

Question 23

what are the ventromedial tracts?

Answer 23

pontine, tectal and vestibular

Question 24

what are the dorsolateral tracts?

Answer 24

corticol, rubral and medullary

Question 25

how does the pontine reticulo spinal tract run in the spinal cord?

Answer 25

ipsilaterally

Question 26

where do the pontine reticulo spinal tracts synapse?

Answer 26

multiple segments of the spinal cord

Question 27

what do the segments the pontine reticulo spinal tracts synapse with represent?

Answer 27

upper limb, trunk and lower limbs

Question 28

what does the pontine reticulo spinal tract do?

Answer 28

mediates large movements

Question 29

what is the other function of the pontine reticulo spinal tract?

Answer 29

they can also synapse onto the dorsal horn and modify sensory pulses - pulling hand away from the flame

Question 30

where do the pontine reticulo spinal tract synapse to have an effect?

Answer 30

anterior horn cells

Question 31

where does the tectospinal tract begin?

Answer 31

tectum

Question 32

where do the collicular nuclei run to in the tectospinal tract?

Answer 32

cervical spinal cord - segements that supply the muscle of the neck and shoulders

Question 33

what is the superior colliculi nuclei involved with in the tectospinal tract?

Answer 33

vision reflex

Question 34

what is the inferior colliculi nuclei involved with in the tectospinal tract?

Answer 34

auditory reflex

Question 35

where does the tectospinal tract decussate?

Answer 35

early

Question 36

what are the tectospinal tract for?

Answer 36

orientating flinching movements ballistic movements navigational

Question 37

where does the information come from for the vestibulospinal tract?

Answer 37

semi circle canals in the ears - uticle

Question 38

how does the vestibulospinal tract run?

Answer 38

remains ipsilateral

Question 39

where does the vestibulospinal tract run to?

Answer 39

all spinal segments

Question 40

what does the vestibulospinal trac supply?

Answer 40

anti gravity muscles - extensor

Question 41

what happens if you lose the ventromedial group?

Answer 41

you lose the ability to perform sudden changes in movement to correct posture

Question 42

where does the rubrospinal tract decussate?

Answer 42

early

Question 43

what does the rubrospinal tract run to?

Answer 43

muscles of the pectral girde

Question 44

what is the rubrospinal tract used for?

Answer 44

control and co-cordination of movement

Question 45

what do you get if you get a lesion of rubrospinal tract?

Answer 45

intention tremmor | impaired distal arm and hand movements

Question 46

what is the journey of the corticospinal tracts?

Answer 46

cortex to the internal capsule in the brain stem to the spinal cord

Question 47

in the corticospinal tracts how are the arm and face on the brain presented?

Answer 47

lateral

Question 48

in the corticospinal tracts how are the legs on the brain presented?

Answer 48

medially

Question 49

where do the corticospinal tracts pass through the internal capsule?

Answer 49

posterior limb

Question 50

how does the corticospinal tracts pass through the brainstem?

Answer 50

through the cerebral peduncles, basilar pons and pyramids

Question 51

where do most of the corticospinal tracts decusstae?

Answer 51

pyramids

Question 52

what are the corticospinal tracts called that decussate in the pyramids?

Answer 52

controlateral lateral corticospinal tracts

Question 53

what are the corticospinal tracts called that dont decussate in the pyramids?

Answer 53

anterior corticospinal tracts

Question 54

where do the anterior corticospinal tracts decussate?

Answer 54

at the spinal level

Question 55

what are the corticospinal tracts used for?

Answer 55

skilled voluntary motor movements | independant flexion of single distal movements

Question 56

what is babinskis sign?

Answer 56

stroke the foot everything flexes, if babinskis is poastive toes go up

Question 57

what happens in babinskis sign in children?

Answer 57

toes should go up

Question 58

why is babinskis sign different in children?

Answer 58

the corticospinal tracts are unmyelinated in the first 2 years after birth

Question 59

what happens when the hypothalaospinal tract pathway fails?

Answer 59

honors syndrome

Question 60

in suspected brain stem death, what do you test?

Answer 60

cranial nerves