block 5 lecture 6 sensory systems

Question 1

how long is the spinal cord?

Answer 1

42cm-45cm

Question 2

where does the spinal cord start and finish?

Answer 2

foramen magnum to L1/L2

Question 3

what are the three layers of connective tissue covering the spinal cord?

Answer 3

pia, archnoid and dura mata

Question 4

whats the difference between epidural space on brain and spinal cord?

Answer 4

at the brain its a potential space, at the spinal cord its an actual space

Question 5

what does the epidural space of the spinal cord contain?

Answer 5

internal venus plexus and fat

Question 6

what does the subarachnoid space contain?

Answer 6

cerebrospinal fluid

Question 7

where are the two enlargements of the spinal cord?

Answer 7

cervical and lumbar region

Question 8

what are the enlargements in the spine due to?

Answer 8

increase of pathways to innovate the limbs

Question 9

what are the two roots that come out of spinal segments?

Answer 9

dorsal and ventral

Question 10

what information is transmitted via dorsal roots?

Answer 10

sensory

Question 11

what information is transmitted via ventralroots?

Answer 11

motor

Question 12

where are spinal roots found?

Answer 12

in between in vertebral foramen and spinal cord tissue

Question 13

what do spinal nerves bifurcate into?

Answer 13

ventral and dorsal ramus

Question 14

why dosent the spinal nerve go to the bottom of the vertebra?

Answer 14

during development at three months the spinal cord is the same length of the vertebral column, after this the vertebral column growth over shoot that of the spinal cord.

Question 15

what happens at the bottom of the spinal cord?

Answer 15

tapering this is the conus medullaris at L1/L2

Question 16

what is the cauda equina?

Answer 16

roots below the canus medullaris bunch together in the sub arachnoid space

Question 17

where do you find spinal nerves?

Answer 17

intervetebral foramina

Question 18

what are the segments of the spinal cord?

Answer 18

cervical, thoracic, lumbar and sacral

Question 19

what runs down from the cernus medullaris?

Answer 19

cauda equina

Question 20

what is the continuation of the pia mata called?

Answer 20

filum terminale

Question 21

what is a cistern?

Answer 21

anatomical lake of cerebrospinal fluid`

Question 22

what changes about the white matter as you go down the spinal cord?

Answer 22

white matter is reduced

Question 23

shape of grey matter in the spinal cord?

Answer 23

has a H shape, anterior and posterior horns, there is a central canal

Question 24

what are the anterior horns responsible for?

Answer 24

motor

Question 25

what are the posterior horns responsible for?

Answer 25

sensery

Question 26

what is the groove at the front called?

Answer 26

median fissure

Question 27

where do you get lateral horns and what is there purpose?

Answer 27

thoracic and the autonomic region

Question 28

what is a commissure?

Answer 28

an axon which crosses from one side of the CNS to another

Question 29

what is decassation?

Answer 29

crossing the midline

Question 30

how many pathways are there for ascending tracts? (information coming into the CNS)

Answer 30

3: 1st order, 2nd order and 3rd order

Question 31

aspects of the 1st order neurons?

Answer 31

they run through dorsal roots the cell bodies are in the dorsal root ganglia from external receptors

Question 32

aspects of the 2nd order neurons?

Answer 32

spinal cord and brain stem tracts | decassate

Question 33

aspects of the 3rd order neurons?

Answer 33

run from the thalamus to the sensory corten via the internal capsule

Question 34

conscious perception pathways?

Answer 34

dorsal column and spinalthalamic

Question 35

unconscious perception pathways?

Answer 35

spinocerebellar, spinorectal, spinoreticular and spino-olvary

Question 36

what do we test clinically when testing the spinal cord?

Answer 36

conscious perception

Question 37

in dorsal column where do 1st order neurons enter the spinal cord?

Answer 37

dorsal roots

Question 38

in dorsal column how do the 1st order neurons ascend?

Answer 38

ipsilaterally

Question 39

in dorsal column where do the 1st order neurons synapse?

Answer 39

gracile nuclei and cuneate nuclei

Question 40

in dorsal column what are the fibers that run in the gracile nucleus called? and what do they represent?

Answer 40

fasiculus gracalis and the lower half of the body

Question 41

in dorsal column what are the fibers that run in the cunate nucleus called? and what do they represent?

Answer 41

fasiculus cuneatus found in the upper part of the spinal cord as they contain information from the upper half

Question 42

in dorsal column where do 2nd order neurons come through and where do they go?

Answer 42

come from nucleus and cross over the bran stem and form medial lemnisous

Question 43

in dorsal column where does the medial lemniscus run to?

Answer 43

contralateral thalamus

Question 44

in dorsal column where do third order neurons run from and to?

Answer 44

from the contralateral thelemus and goes to the cerebral cortex

Question 45

what is the column medial lemniscus pathway important for?

Answer 45

discriminating aspects of touch and proprioception

Question 46

what is it called when you have a lack of the column medial lemniscus pathway?

Answer 46

sensory ataxia

Question 47

in spinothalamic tracts where does it go from and to?

Answer 47

spinal cord to the thalamus

Question 48

in spinothalamic tracts where do 1st order neurons come from and synapse?

Answer 48

they come from limbs and synapse with lissors tracts/ dorso lateral faliculous

Question 49

in spinothalamic tracts what heppens to this information in the spinal corn?

Answer 49

raises 1-2 segments

Question 50

what are 2nd order neurons of the lateral spinothalamic joined by? and where?

Answer 50

trigeminothalamic tract in the brain stem

Question 51

what is the region called that keeps you awake?

Answer 51

reticular formation

Question 52

in spinothalamic tracts what is the signals in this pathway?

Answer 52

crude touch, pain and temperature

Question 53

what are the two pathways of spinocerebellar tracts?

Answer 53

dorsal spinocerebellar pathway and the ventral spinocerebellar pathway

Question 54

in spinocerebellar pathway how does the dorsal information rise?

Answer 54

ipsilaterally

Question 55

in spinocerebellar pathway what happens to the ventral information?

Answer 55

ventral enters the spinal cord and decessates immediately

Question 56

in spinocerebellar pathway what is venral responsible for?

Answer 56

movement control

Question 57

in spino-olivary what is the location and what is it for?

Answer 57

spinal cord to the accessory olivary nuclei and cerebellum | for movement co-ordination associated balance

Question 58

in spinoectal what is the location and what is it for?

Answer 58

spinal cord to superior calliculi | for reflex of turning head and eyes to stimulation

Question 59

in spinoreticular what is the location and what is it for?

Answer 59

spinal cord to reticular conductinf system | arrouing consciousness through cutaneous stimulation