Blood

Question 1

Functions of blood

Answer 1

Transportation of O2 and CO2.

Nutrients are distributed

Metabolic residues are collected and removed via excretory organs

Hormone distribution

Heat distribution and regulation of body temperature.

Maintenance of acid-base and osmotic balance.

Question 2

Blood

Answer 2

Specialized connective tissue

Two components: Cells and extracellular fluid
(plasma).

Five liters of blood in an average adult.

“Formed” elements, circulating in the plasma:

Erythrocytes (red blood cells, RBCs)

Leukocytes (white blood cells, WBCs)

Thrombocytes (platelets)

Question 3

Bone marrow

Answer 3

Found in the medullary canals of long
bones and in the small cavities of cancellous bone.

Blood cells are made in bone marrow

Red bone marrow and yellow bone marrow

Question 4

Red bone marrow

Answer 4

whose color is produced by an abundance of
blood and hemopoietic cells

Contains reticular connective tissue, hemopoietic cords or islands of cells, and sinusoidal capillaries.

Question 5

Yellow bone marrow

Answer 5

Is filled with adipocytes but not hemopoietic cells.

In the newborn all bone marrow is red, but as the child grows, most marrow changes to the yellow variety.

Question 6

Serum

Answer 6

Contains proteins released from platelets during clot
formation, and has very different properties than plasma.

Question 7

RBCs or Erythrocytes

Answer 7

Erythrocytes is 44% of blood volume; this value is called the hematocrit.

The cytoplasm lacks all organelles but is filled with
hemoglobin, the O2-carrying protein.

Question 8

Buffy coat

Answer 8

Between the sedimented erythrocytes and the
supernatant light-colored plasma is a thin layer of leukocytes and platelets called the buffy coat. It is <1% of whole blood.

Question 9

Plasma

Answer 9

Plasma is 55% of whole blood.

92% of plasma is water.

7% is a mixture of proteins.

1% is other substances such as electrolytes, nutrients, etc

The major proteins are:

Albumin

Globulins (α- and β-globulins)

Immunoglobulins (antibodies or γ-globulins)

Fibrinogen

Complement proteins

Question 10

Albumin

Answer 10

The most abundant; it maintains the osmotic
pressure of the blood.

Question 11

Globulins (α- and β-globulins)

Answer 11

Act as enzymes and
transporters of other proteins.

Question 12

Immunoglobulins (antibodies or γ-globulins)

Answer 12

Secreted by plasma cells.

Question 13

Fibrinogen

Answer 13

It polymerizes as insoluble fibrin fibers that clots
blood, blocking blood loss.

Question 14

Complement proteins

Answer 14

These are a defensive system for inflammation and destruction of microorganisms.

Question 15

Heparin

Answer 15

A naturally occurring anticoagulant produced by
basophils and mast cells.

Question 16

Anemia

Answer 16

A concentration of erythrocytes below normal;
the tissues are unable to receive adequate O2.

Question 17

Erythrocytosis or Polycythemia

Answer 17

an increased concentration of erythrocytes in blood. It is sometimes a physiologic adaptation in individuals who live at high altitudes, where O2 tension is low. Elevated hematocrit
increases blood viscosity, straining the heart, and
possibly impairing circulation through the capillaries.

Question 18

Leukocytes

Answer 18

Leave the blood and migrate to tissues
where they become functional and perform activities related to immunity.

Two major groups, granulocytes and agranulocytes, based on density of their
cytoplasmic granules.

Question 19

Granulocytes

Answer 19

Have polymorphic nuclei with two or more distinct (almost separated) lobes. They have two major types of cytoplasmic granules: lysosomes (azurophilic granules in blood cells) and specific granules that bind to various stains and have specific functions.

Neutrophils, Eosinophils, Basophils

Question 20

Agranulocytes

Answer 20

Lack specific granules, but contain lysosomes. The nucleus is spherical or indented but not lobulated.

Lymphocytes, Monocytes

Question 21

Neutrophils

Answer 21

A type of granulocyte

Mature neutrophils are the most common WBCs
(50%-70% of circulating leukocytes).

Usually the first WBCs to arrive at sites of infection where they actively pursue bacterial cells and phagocytize the invaders or their debris.

Question 22

Pus

Answer 22

Dying neutrophils, bacteria, semi digested material, and
tissue-fluid form a viscous, usually yellow collection of fluid called pus.

Question 23

Eosinophils

Answer 23

A type of granulocyte

Eosinophils have a characteristic bilobed nucleus.

They constitute only 1-4% of leukocytes.

Eosinophils are important in the inflammatory response
triggered by allergies.

These cells produce substances that may
reduce inflammation by inactivating substances such as histamine.

Question 24

Basophils

Answer 24

A type of granulocyte

By migrating into connective tissues, basophils appear to assist mast cells.

Question 25

Lymphocytes

Answer 25

The most numerous agranulocyte Lymphocytes are typically the smallest leukocytes. Major classes are B lymphocytes, helper and cytotoxic T lymphocytes, and natural killer (NK) cells. They have roles in immune defenses against invading microorganisms, certain parasites, or abnormal cells. T lymphocytes, unlike B cells and all other circulating leukocytes, differentiate outside the bone marrow in the thymus.

Question 26

Lymphomas

Answer 26

Are a family of blood cancers involving neoplastic proliferation of lymphocytes or the failure of these cells to undergo cell death (apoptosis).

Question 27

Monocytes

Answer 27

A type of agranulocyte Precursor cells of macrophages, osteoclasts, microglia, and other cells of the mononuclear phagocyte system in connective tissue. All monocyte-derived cells are important in immune defense of tissues as antigen-presenting cells

Question 28

Platelets (thrombocytes)

Answer 28

Promote blood clotting and help repair minor tears or leaks in the walls of small blood vessels, preventing loss of blood from the microvasculature. This is the general process of hemostasis. They originate from giant polyploid bone marrow cells called megakaryocytes.

Question 29

Role of platelets in controlling blood loss

Answer 29

Primary aggregation: Disruptions in the microvascular endothelium, which are very common, allow the platelet to adhere to collagen in the vascular basal lamina or wall. Thus, a platelet plug is formed. Secondary aggregation: The platelet plug enlarges. Blood coagulation: Fibrinogen from plasma forms a network of fibers trapping red blood cells and more platelets to form a blood clot, or thrombus. Clot retraction: The clot that initially bulges into the blood vessel lumen contracts slightly. Clot removal: Protected by the clot, the endothelium is restored by new tissue, and the clot is then dissolved by enzymes.

Question 30

Aspirin

Answer 30

Aspirin and other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) inhibit platelet function and blood coagulation because they block the synthesis of thromboxane, a signaling molecule that is needed for platelet aggregation during clotting.

Question 31

How many liters of blood are in the average adult?

Answer 31

5 liters

Question 32

What are the functions of albumin, the most common protein in blood plasma?

Answer 32

Contributes to blood's viscosity. Maintains fluid within capillaries by osmotic pressure

Question 33

A hematocrit reading below the normal range signifies

Answer 33

Anemia

Question 34

Basophilic cells stained with a basic dye usually have nuclei that are

Answer 34

Blue or bluish purple

Question 35

Which type of WBC is a precursor of osteoclasts?

Answer 35

Monocytes

Question 36

Which one of these WBCs phagocytizes bacteria?

Answer 36

Neutrophils

Question 37

# Reversed prompt Transportation of O2 and CO2. Nutrients are distributed Metabolic residues are collected and removed via excretory organs Hormone distribution Heat distribution and regulation of body temperature. Maintenance of acid-base and osmotic balance.

Answer 37

Functions of blood

Question 38

# Reversed prompt Specialized connective tissue Two components: Cells and extracellular fluid (plasma). Five liters of blood in an average adult. "Formed" elements, circulating in the plasma: Erythrocytes (red blood cells, RBCs) Leukocytes (white blood cells, WBCs) Thrombocytes (platelets)

Answer 38

Blood

Question 39

# Reversed prompt Found in the medullary canals of long bones and in the small cavities of cancellous bone. Blood cells are made in bone marrow Red bone marrow and yellow bone marrow

Answer 39

Bone marrow

Question 40

# Reversed prompt whose color is produced by an abundance of blood and hemopoietic cells Contains reticular connective tissue, hemopoietic cords or islands of cells, and sinusoidal capillaries.

Answer 40

Red bone marrow

Question 41

# Reversed prompt Is filled with adipocytes but not hemopoietic cells. In the newborn all bone marrow is red, but as the child grows, most marrow changes to the yellow variety.

Answer 41

Yellow bone marrow

Question 42

# Reversed prompt Contains proteins released from platelets during clot formation, and has very different properties than plasma.

Answer 42

Serum

Question 43

# Reversed prompt Erythrocytes is 44% of blood volume; this value is called the hematocrit. The cytoplasm lacks all organelles but is filled with hemoglobin, the O2-carrying protein.

Answer 43

RBCs or Erythrocytes

Question 44

# Reversed prompt Between the sedimented erythrocytes and the supernatant light-colored plasma is a thin layer of leukocytes and platelets called the buffy coat. It is \<1% of whole blood.

Answer 44

Buffy coat

Question 45

# Reversed prompt Plasma is 55% of whole blood. 92% of plasma is water. 7% is a mixture of proteins. 1% is other substances such as electrolytes, nutrients, etc The major proteins are: Albumin Globulins (α- and β-globulins) Immunoglobulins (antibodies or γ-globulins) Fibrinogen Complement proteins

Answer 45

Plasma

Question 46

# Reversed prompt The most abundant; it maintains the osmotic pressure of the blood.

Answer 46

Albumin

Question 47

# Reversed prompt Act as enzymes and transporters of other proteins.

Answer 47

Globulins (α- and β-globulins)

Question 48

# Reversed prompt Secreted by plasma cells.

Answer 48

Immunoglobulins (antibodies or γ-globulins)

Question 49

# Reversed prompt It polymerizes as insoluble fibrin fibers that clots blood, blocking blood loss.

Answer 49

Fibrinogen

Question 50

# Reversed prompt These are a defensive system for inflammation and destruction of microorganisms.

Answer 50

Complement proteins

Question 51

# Reversed prompt A naturally occurring anticoagulant produced by basophils and mast cells.

Answer 51

Heparin

Question 52

# Reversed prompt A concentration of erythrocytes below normal; the tissues are unable to receive adequate O2.

Answer 52

Anemia

Question 53

# Reversed prompt an increased concentration of erythrocytes in blood. It is sometimes a physiologic adaptation in individuals who live at high altitudes, where O2 tension is low. Elevated hematocrit increases blood viscosity, straining the heart, and possibly impairing circulation through the capillaries.

Answer 53

Erythrocytosis or Polycythemia

Question 54

# Reversed prompt Leave the blood and migrate to tissues where they become functional and perform activities related to immunity. Two major groups, granulocytes and agranulocytes, based on density of their cytoplasmic granules.

Answer 54

Leukocytes

Question 55

# Reversed prompt Have polymorphic nuclei with two or more distinct (almost separated) lobes. They have two major types of cytoplasmic granules: lysosomes (azurophilic granules in blood cells) and specific granules that bind to various stains and have specific functions. Neutrophils, Eosinophils, Basophils

Answer 55

Granulocytes

Question 56

# Reversed prompt Lack specific granules, but contain lysosomes. The nucleus is spherical or indented but not lobulated. Lymphocytes, Monocytes

Answer 56

Agranulocytes

Question 57

# Reversed prompt A type of granulocyte Mature neutrophils are the most common WBCs (50%-70% of circulating leukocytes). Usually the first WBCs to arrive at sites of infection where they actively pursue bacterial cells and phagocytize the invaders or their debris.

Answer 57

Neutrophils

Question 58

# Reversed prompt Dying neutrophils, bacteria, semi digested material, and tissue-fluid form a viscous, usually yellow collection of fluid called pus.

Answer 58

Pus

Question 59

# Reversed prompt A type of granulocyte Eosinophils have a characteristic bilobed nucleus. They constitute only 1-4% of leukocytes. Eosinophils are important in the inflammatory response triggered by allergies. These cells produce substances that may reduce inflammation by inactivating substances such as histamine.

Answer 59

Eosinophils

Question 60

# Reversed prompt A type of granulocyte By migrating into connective tissues, basophils appear to assist mast cells.

Answer 60

Basophils

Question 61

# Reversed prompt The most numerous agranulocyte Lymphocytes are typically the smallest leukocytes. Major classes are B lymphocytes, helper and cytotoxic T lymphocytes, and natural killer (NK) cells. They have roles in immune defenses against invading microorganisms, certain parasites, or abnormal cells. T lymphocytes, unlike B cells and all other circulating leukocytes, differentiate outside the bone marrow in the thymus.

Answer 61

Lymphocytes

Question 62

# Reversed prompt Are a family of blood cancers involving neoplastic proliferation of lymphocytes or the failure of these cells to undergo cell death (apoptosis).

Answer 62

Lymphomas

Question 63

# Reversed prompt A type of agranulocyte Precursor cells of macrophages, osteoclasts, microglia, and other cells of the mononuclear phagocyte system in connective tissue. All monocyte-derived cells are important in immune defense of tissues as antigen-presenting cells

Answer 63

Monocytes

Question 64

# Reversed prompt Promote blood clotting and help repair minor tears or leaks in the walls of small blood vessels, preventing loss of blood from the microvasculature. This is the general process of hemostasis. They originate from giant polyploid bone marrow cells called megakaryocytes.

Answer 64

Platelets (thrombocytes)

Question 65

# Reversed prompt Primary aggregation: Disruptions in the microvascular endothelium, which are very common, allow the platelet to adhere to collagen in the vascular basal lamina or wall. Thus, a platelet plug is formed. Secondary aggregation: The platelet plug enlarges. Blood coagulation: Fibrinogen from plasma forms a network of fibers trapping red blood cells and more platelets to form a blood clot, or thrombus. Clot retraction: The clot that initially bulges into the blood vessel lumen contracts slightly. Clot removal: Protected by the clot, the endothelium is restored by new tissue, and the clot is then dissolved by enzymes.

Answer 65

Role of platelets in controlling blood loss

Question 66

# Reversed prompt Aspirin and other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) inhibit platelet function and blood coagulation because they block the synthesis of thromboxane, a signaling molecule that is needed for platelet aggregation during clotting.

Answer 66

Aspirin