Connective Tissue Flashcards by Dalton Ridley

Extracellular Matrix components

Ground substance and protein fibers (elastic fiber, collagen fiber, and reticular fiber)

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Types of Connective tissue proper

Loose (areolar) connective tissue, Dense irregular connective tissue, Dense regular connective tissue

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Types of Embryonic connective tissues

Mesenchyme and Mucoid (mucous) connective tissue

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Types of specialized connective tissues

Reticular connective tissue, Adipose tissue, Cartilage, Bone, Blood

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Loose (areolar) connective tissue organization

A type of connective tissue proper with more ground substance than collagen; randomly distributed

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Loose (areolar) connective tissue function

Function: Supports microvasculature, nerves, and immune defense

Example: Lamina propria beneath epithelial lining of digestive tract

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Dense irregular connective tissue organization

A type of connective tissue proper with little ground substance; few cells (mostly fibroblasts); much collagen in randomly arranged fibers, some elastic fibers

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Dense irregular connective tissue function

Function: Protects and supports organs; resists tearing

Example: Dermis of skin, organ capsules, submucosa layer of digestive tract

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Dense regular connective tissue organization

A type of connective tissue proper that is almost completely filled with parallel bundles of collagen; few fibroblasts, aligned with collagen

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Dense regular connective tissue function

Function: Provide strong connections within musculoskeletal system, strong resistance to force

Example: Ligaments, tendons, aponeuroses, corneal stroma

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Mesenchyme organization

A type of embryonic connective tissue that has sparse, undifferentiated cells, uniformly distributed in matrix with sparse collagen fibers

Consists largely of viscous ground substance with few collagen fibers

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Mesenchyme function

Function: Contains stem/progenitor cells for all adult connective tissue cells

Example: Mesodermal layer of early embryo

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Mucoid (mucous) connective tissue organization

A type of embryonic connective tissue with random fibroblasts and collagen fibers in viscous matrix

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Mucoid (mucous) connective tissue function

Function: Supports and cushions large blood vessels

Example: Matrix of the fetal umbilical cord

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Reticular connective tissue organization

A type of specialized connective tissue that has a delicate network of reticulin/collagen III with attached fibroblasts (reticular cells)

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Reticular connective tissue function

Function: Supports blood-forming cells, many secretory cells, and lymphocytes in most lymphoid organs

Example: Bone marrow, liver, pancreas, adrenal glands, all lymphoid organs except the thymus

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Glycosaminoglycan (GAG, also called mucopolysaccharide)

A complex polysaccharide composed of disaccharide groups (a “double-sugar”). GAG’s are highly polar and attract water

Two common examples of glycosaminoglycans are
chondroitin sulfate and
heparin.

The largest most ubiquitous GAG is hyaluronan (hyaluronic acid) which is important in diffusion through connective tissue and in lubricating various organs and joints.

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Chondroitin Sulfate

A common GAG used as a supplement for joint health.

Functions in space filling, cushioning, and lubrication. Found in cartilage

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Collagen fibers

The most important and abundant connective tissue fibers; a protein, with some 20 related types. One of the protein fibers associated with ECM

Collagen is produced by fibroblasts

Collagen forms about 30% of body weight

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Reticular fibers

Delicate network of Type III collagen, found in reticular tissue, stain very dark with silver stains and are abundant in immune and lymphoid tissues. One of the protein fibers associated with ECM

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Elastic fibers

Sheets called elastic lamellae, are composed of elastin and fibrillin in a stretchable conformation. One of the protein fibers associated with ECM

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Type I Collagen

Location: Skin, tendon, bone, dentin

Function: Resistance to tension

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Type II Collagen

Location: Cartilage, vitreous body

Function: Resistance to pressure

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Cells of Connective Tissues

Fibroblasts, Adipocytes

Originate form hematopoietic stem cells in bone marrow: Macrophages, Mast cells, Plasma cells, other leukocytes (WBCs)

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Fibroblasts (fibrocytes)

Major Product or Activity: Extracellular fibers and ground substance Synthesize and secrete most components of the ECM, including fibers (collagen and elastin) Key cells in connective tissue proper

Plasma cells

Major Product: Antibodies Originate from hematopoietic stem cells in bone marrow, circulate in the blood, and then move into connective tissue where they function.

Macrophages

Major Product or Activity: Phagocytosis of ECM components and debris; antigen processing and presentation to immune cells; secretion of growth factors, cytokines, and other agents Originate from hematopoietic stem cells in bone marrow, circulate in the blood, and then move into connective tissue where they function.

Mast cells and basophilic leukocytes

Major Products or Activity: A type of white blood cell (leucocyte) and are part of the immune system. Mast cells release vasoactive agents and other substances during inflammatory and allergic reactions, and tissue repair. Pharmacologically active molecules (eg. histamine). They originate from blood cell precursors in bone marrow.

Adipocytes

Major Activity: Storage of neutral fats

Ground substance

Comprised of Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) or mucopolysaccharides, Proteoglycans, and other multi-adhesive glycoproteins Importance in water balance, especially in capillaries and surrounding tissues

Interstitial fluid

Water in the ground substance of connective tissue

Keloid

a local swelling caused by abnormally large amounts of collagen that form in scars of the skin Primarily form in people of African descent

Skin repair process

Repair occurs in overlapping stages 1. Blood clots at wound site, releasing growth factors and other substances. 2. Macrophages and neutrophils enter the wound as inflammation begins, and epithelial cells from the cut edges of the epidermis begin to migrate beneath and through the blood clot. 3. Under the influence of growth factors and hydrolytic enzymes released in part from macrophages, fibroblasts proliferate and produce new collagen to form “granulation tissue” containing new, growing capillaries. 4. The epidermis gradually re-establishes continuity over the wound, but excessive collagen usually remains in the dermis as scar tissue.

Aponeuroses are composed of which type of connective tissue proper?

Dense regular connective tissue

One type of GAG is chondroitin sulfate, which functions in space-filling, cushioning, and lubrication. One tissue where this molecule is found is

Cartilage

What do these cell types have in common: Microglia, osteoclasts, and Kupffer cells?

They are part of the mononuclear phagocyte system.

What is the most abundant protein in the human body?

Collagen

The formation of scar tissue following surgery or wounding is largely due to

Fibroblasts

One major function of connective tissue proper is to physically support and connect other tissues. A second major function is to

Maintain water as interstitial fluid for nutrient and metabolite diffusion, using hydrostatic and osmotic pressure.

The dermis of the skin contains which type of connective tissue proper?

Dense irregular connective tissue

What is the function of mucoid connective tissue?

Protection of blood vessels in the umbilical cord.

The major component, in terms of volume, of connective tissue is

Extracellular Matrix (ECM)

What are the two main components of extracellular matrix?

Ground Substance and Protein Fibers

Antibodies are glycoproteins of the immunoglobulin family that interact with specific antigens. Which type of cells produce antibodies?

Plasma cells

Edema

The excessive accumulation of interstitial fluid in connective tissues

What cell type triggers allergic reactions by secretion of several types of substances?

Mast Cells

Edema is the excessive accumulation of interstitial fluid in connective tissue. Where does this fluid come from before it accumulates in the connective tissue?

Blood passing through the capillary walls that become more permeable during inflammation

Connective tissue forms the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_of many organs.

Stroma

Elastic fibers are formed from two proteins:

Fibrillin and elastin

Which type of fibers are tendons composed of?

Collagen

Scar tissue is composed of what type of fibers?

Collagen

Fibroblasts are an important cell type in connective tissue. They synthesize collagen and elastin, as well as the three major macromolecules in ground substance. How do fibroblasts differ from macrophages and mast cells?

Fibroblasts originate from mesenchymal cells, whereas the others originate from stem cells in bone marrow.

Proteoglycans

A core protein with a variety of sulfated GAGs attached to it. A type of macromolecule in ground substance

Multi-adhesive glycoproteins

Small glycosylated proteins with many binding sites for other molecules. A type of macromolecule in ground substance.

How is immediate hypersensitivity (Type I hypersensitivity) reaction different from the normal infectious immune response of mast cells?

The immediate hypersensitivity reaction typically requires a previous sensitization to the allergen.

Reticular fibers are made of type III collagen. They function as a supportive stroma in which organs/glands?

Lymphoid organs, Endocrine glands, Hematopoietic organs

From which major embryonic tissue is mesenchyme derived?

Mesoderm

The two major types of protein fibers in the ECM are

Collagen and elastic

# Reversed prompt Ground substance and protein fibers (elastic fiber, collagen fiber, and reticular fiber)

Extracellular Matrix components

# Reversed prompt Loose (areolar) connective tissue, Dense irregular connective tissue, Dense regular connective tissue

Types of Connective tissue proper

# Reversed prompt Mesenchyme and Mucoid (mucous) connective tissue

Types of Embryonic connective tissues

# Reversed prompt Reticular connective tissue, Adipose tissue, Cartilage, Bone, Blood

Types of specialized connective tissues

# Reversed prompt A type of connective tissue proper with more ground substance than collagen; randomly distributed

Loose (areolar) connective tissue organization

# Reversed prompt Function: Supports microvasculature, nerves, and immune defense Example: Lamina propria beneath epithelial lining of digestive tract

Loose (areolar) connective tissue function

# Reversed prompt A type of connective tissue proper with little ground substance; few cells (mostly fibroblasts); much collagen in randomly arranged fibers, some elastic fibers

Dense irregular connective tissue organization

# Reversed prompt Function: Protects and supports organs; resists tearing Example: Dermis of skin, organ capsules, submucosa layer of digestive tract

Dense irregular connective tissue function

# Reversed prompt A type of connective tissue proper that is almost completely filled with parallel bundles of collagen; few fibroblasts, aligned with collagen

Dense regular connective tissue organization

# Reversed prompt Function: Provide strong connections within musculoskeletal system, strong resistance to force Example: Ligaments, tendons, aponeuroses, corneal stroma

Dense regular connective tissue function

# Reversed prompt A type of embryonic connective tissue that has sparse, undifferentiated cells, uniformly distributed in matrix with sparse collagen fibers Consists largely of viscous ground substance with few collagen fibers

Mesenchyme organization

# Reversed prompt Function: Contains stem/progenitor cells for all adult connective tissue cells Example: Mesodermal layer of early embryo

Mesenchyme function

# Reversed prompt A type of embryonic connective tissue with random fibroblasts and collagen fibers in viscous matrix

Mucoid (mucous) connective tissue organization

# Reversed prompt Function: Supports and cushions large blood vessels Example: Matrix of the fetal umbilical cord

Mucoid (mucous) connective tissue function

# Reversed prompt A type of specialized connective tissue that has a delicate network of reticulin/collagen III with attached fibroblasts (reticular cells)

Reticular connective tissue organization

# Reversed prompt Function: Supports blood-forming cells, many secretory cells, and lymphocytes in most lymphoid organs Example: Bone marrow, liver, pancreas, adrenal glands, all lymphoid organs except the thymus

Reticular connective tissue function

# Reversed prompt A complex polysaccharide composed of disaccharide groups (a "double-sugar"). GAG's are highly polar and attract water Two common examples of glycosaminoglycans are chondroitin sulfate and heparin. The largest most ubiquitous GAG is hyaluronan (hyaluronic acid) which is important in diffusion through connective tissue and in lubricating various organs and joints.

Glycosaminoglycan (GAG, also called mucopolysaccharide)

# Reversed prompt A common GAG used as a supplement for joint health. Functions in space filling, cushioning, and lubrication. Found in cartilage

Chondroitin Sulfate

# Reversed prompt The most important and abundant connective tissue fibers; a protein, with some 20 related types. One of the protein fibers associated with ECM Collagen is produced by fibroblasts Collagen forms about 30% of body weight

Collagen fibers

# Reversed prompt Delicate network of Type III collagen, found in reticular tissue, stain very dark with silver stains and are abundant in immune and lymphoid tissues. One of the protein fibers associated with ECM

Reticular fibers

# Reversed prompt Sheets called elastic lamellae, are composed of elastin and fibrillin in a stretchable conformation. One of the protein fibers associated with ECM

Elastic fibers

# Reversed prompt Location: Skin, tendon, bone, dentin Function: Resistance to tension

Type I Collagen

# Reversed prompt Location: Cartilage, vitreous body Function: Resistance to pressure

Type II Collagen

# Reversed prompt Fibroblasts, Adipocytes Originate form hematopoietic stem cells in bone marrow: Macrophages, Mast cells, Plasma cells, other leukocytes (WBCs)

Cells of Connective Tissues

# Reversed prompt Major Product or Activity: Extracellular fibers and ground substance Synthesize and secrete most components of the ECM, including fibers (collagen and elastin) Key cells in connective tissue proper

Fibroblasts (fibrocytes)

# Reversed prompt Major Product: Antibodies Originate from hematopoietic stem cells in bone marrow, circulate in the blood, and then move into connective tissue where they function.

Plasma cells

# Reversed prompt Major Product or Activity: Phagocytosis of ECM components and debris; antigen processing and presentation to immune cells; secretion of growth factors, cytokines, and other agents Originate from hematopoietic stem cells in bone marrow, circulate in the blood, and then move into connective tissue where they function.

Macrophages

# Reversed prompt Major Products or Activity: A type of white blood cell (leucocyte) and are part of the immune system. Mast cells release vasoactive agents and other substances during inflammatory and allergic reactions, and tissue repair. Pharmacologically active molecules (eg. histamine). They originate from blood cell precursors in bone marrow.

Mast cells and basophilic leukocytes

# Reversed prompt Major Activity: Storage of neutral fats

Adipocytes

# Reversed prompt Comprised of Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) or mucopolysaccharides, Proteoglycans, and other multi-adhesive glycoproteins Importance in water balance, especially in capillaries and surrounding tissues

Ground substance

# Reversed prompt Water in the ground substance of connective tissue

Interstitial fluid

# Reversed prompt a local swelling caused by abnormally large amounts of collagen that form in scars of the skin Primarily form in people of African descent

Keloid

# Reversed prompt The excessive accumulation of interstitial fluid in connective tissues

Edema

# Reversed prompt A core protein with a variety of sulfated GAGs attached to it. A type of macromolecule in ground substance

Proteoglycans

# Reversed prompt Small glycosylated proteins with many binding sites for other molecules. A type of macromolecule in ground substance.

Multi-adhesive glycoproteins

Connective Tissue Flashcards

(93 cards)