Digestive Tract

Question 1

Gastrointestinal tract (digestive organs)

Answer 1

Oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, large intestine, small intestine

Question 2

Digestive System Process

Answer 2

Ingestion of nutrients into the oral cavity.

Mastication of food into smaller pieces.

Movement (motility) of food through digestive tract.

Secretion of several fluids: mucus, enzymes, acids,
bases, and bile.

Hormone release for control of motility and
secretion of glands.

Chemical and enzymatic breakdown of large
macromolecules into smaller ones.

Absorption of small molecules and water.

Elimination of indigestible components.

Question 3

Layers of the GI Tract

Answer 3

The GI tract is a hollow tube with a lumen of variable
diameter and a wall made up of four main layers:

Mucosa (Internal lining of GI tract)
Submucosa
Muscularis
Serosa (External lining of GI tract)

Question 4

Mucosa

Answer 4

Consists of:
Epithelial lining

Lamina propria: underlying loose connective tissue with blood vessels, lymphatics,
lymphocytes, smooth muscle cells, and often small glands.

Muscularis mucosae: A thin layer of smooth muscle allowing local movements of the mucosa.

Question 5

Submucosa

Answer 5

Contains denser connective tissue with larger blood and lymph vessels and the submucosal plexus of autonomic nerves. It also contains glands and lymphoid tissue.

Question 6

Muscularis

Answer 6

Composed of smooth muscle cells organized
in an inner circular layer and outer longitudinal layer.

The connective tissue between the muscle layers contains blood and lymph vessels, as well as the myenteric nerve plexus
of many autonomic neurons.

Question 7

Serosa

Answer 7

A thin layer of loose connective tissue, rich in blood vessels, lymphatics,
and adipose tissue.

It has a simple squamous covering epithelium or mesothelium. In the abdominal cavity the serosa is continuous with mesenteries, which are thin double membranes of mesothelium that support the intestines.

Question 8

Enteric nervous system

Answer 8

The connective tissue between the muscle layers of the muscularis contains blood and lymph vessels, as well as the myenteric nerve plexus of many autonomic neurons.

This and the submucosal plexus together comprise the
enteric nervous system of the digestive tract.

Question 9

Mucosa-associated immune defense system

(MALT)

Answer 9

Provides an essential backup to the thin
physical barrier of the epithelial lining.

Question 10

Lamina propria

Answer 10

Located just below the epithelium, is rich with macrophages and lymphocytes, many for production of IgA (immunoglobulin A) antibodies.

This IgA complex resists
proteolysis by digestive enzymes and protects
against specific viral and bacterial pathogens.

Question 11

Oral Cavity (Mouth)

Answer 11

Lined with stratified squamous epithelium, which may be keratinized, partially
keratinized, or nonkeratinized depending on the location.

Question 12

Taste buds

Answer 12

Detect five categories: Salty, sour, sweet, bitter, and umami

The four types of lingual papillae are elevations of the tongue’s mucous membrane that assume various forms and functions.

Filiform papillae
Fungiform papillae
Foliate papillae
Vallate (or circumvallate) papillae

Question 13

Filiform papillae

Answer 13

Very numerous, have an elongated conical shape, and are heavily keratinized, which gives their surface a gray or whitish appearance. They provide a rough surface that facilitates movement of food during chewing. These have no taste buds.

Question 14

Fungiform papillae

Answer 14

Much less numerous, lightly keratinized, and interspersed among the filiform papillae. They are mushroom-shaped with well-vascularized and
innervated cores of lamina propria. A few taste buds are present.

Question 15

Foliate papillae

Answer 15

Consist of several parallel ridges on each side of the tongue. Some taste buds are present.

Question 16

Vallate (or circumvallate) papillae

Answer 16

The largest papillae, with diameters of 1-3 mm.

Ducts of several small, serous salivary glands empty near each vallate papilla. This provides a flow of fluid over the numerous taste buds, clearing food particles so that the taste buds can receive and process new stimuli.

Question 17

Dentin

Answer 17

A calcified tissue harder than bone, consisting of 70% hydroxyapatite.

Question 18

Enamel

Answer 18

The hardest component of the human body, consisting of 96% calcium hydroxyapatite and only 2%-3% organic material including very few proteins and no collagen.

Question 19

Periodontium

Answer 19

Comprises the structures
responsible for maintaining the teeth in their sockets, and includes the cementum, the periodontal ligament, and the alveolar bone with the associated gingiva (gums).

Question 20

Cementum

Answer 20

Covers the dentin of the root and resembles bone, but it is avascular.

Question 21

Periodontal ligament

Answer 21

Fibrous connective
tissue with bundled collagen fibers binding the
cementum and the alveolar bone. It has a rich supply of blood vessels and nerves, giving the periodontal ligament sensory and nutritive functions.

Helps protect the alveolus from the recurrent pressure
exerted during mastication.

Question 22

Alveolar bone

Answer 22

Lacks the typical lamellar
pattern of adult bone but has osteoblasts and
osteocytes engaging in continuous remodeling of
the bony matrix. It is surrounded by the
periodontal ligament.

Question 23

Which are types of cells found in the lamina propria of the gut?

Answer 23

Macrophages and lymphocytes

Question 24

What is the hardest tissue in the human body?

Answer 24

Enamel

Question 25

The myenteric nerve plexus and the submucosal nerve plexus, which are associated with the gut, together form the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.

Answer 25

Enteric nervous system

Question 26

Which regions of the lining of the mouth have keratinized cell layers, which resist abrasion?

Answer 26

The gums and the hard palate

Question 27

Which of these hard tissues associated with teeth shows the greatest degree of remodeling?

Answer 27

Alveolar bone of the jaw

Question 28

Which of the following tooth number patterns describes adult human teeth?

Answer 28

2 incisors, 1 canine, 2 premolars, 3 molars

Question 29

# Reversed prompt Oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, large intestine, small intestine

Answer 29

Gastrointestinal tract (digestive organs)

Question 30

# Reversed prompt Ingestion of nutrients into the oral cavity. Mastication of food into smaller pieces. Movement (motility) of food through digestive tract. Secretion of several fluids: mucus, enzymes, acids, bases, and bile. Hormone release for control of motility and secretion of glands. Chemical and enzymatic breakdown of large macromolecules into smaller ones. Absorption of small molecules and water. Elimination of indigestible components.

Answer 30

Digestive System Process

Question 31

# Reversed prompt The GI tract is a hollow tube with a lumen of variable diameter and a wall made up of four main layers: Mucosa (Internal lining of GI tract) Submucosa Muscularis Serosa (External lining of GI tract)

Answer 31

Layers of the GI Tract

Question 32

# Reversed prompt Consists of: Epithelial lining Lamina propria: underlying loose connective tissue with blood vessels, lymphatics, lymphocytes, smooth muscle cells, and often small glands. Muscularis mucosae: A thin layer of smooth muscle allowing local movements of the mucosa.

Answer 32

Mucosa

Question 33

# Reversed prompt Contains denser connective tissue with larger blood and lymph vessels and the submucosal plexus of autonomic nerves. It also contains glands and lymphoid tissue.

Answer 33

Submucosa

Question 34

# Reversed prompt Composed of smooth muscle cells organized in an inner circular layer and outer longitudinal layer. The connective tissue between the muscle layers contains blood and lymph vessels, as well as the myenteric nerve plexus of many autonomic neurons.

Answer 34

Muscularis

Question 35

# Reversed prompt A thin layer of loose connective tissue, rich in blood vessels, lymphatics, and adipose tissue. It has a simple squamous covering epithelium or mesothelium. In the abdominal cavity the serosa is continuous with mesenteries, which are thin double membranes of mesothelium that support the intestines.

Answer 35

Serosa

Question 36

# Reversed prompt The connective tissue between the muscle layers of the muscularis contains blood and lymph vessels, as well as the myenteric nerve plexus of many autonomic neurons. This and the submucosal plexus together comprise the enteric nervous system of the digestive tract.

Answer 36

Enteric nervous system

Question 37

# Reversed prompt Provides an essential backup to the thin physical barrier of the epithelial lining.

Answer 37

Mucosa-associated immune defense system | (MALT)

Question 38

# Reversed prompt Located just below the epithelium, is rich with macrophages and lymphocytes, many for production of IgA (immunoglobulin A) antibodies. This IgA complex resists proteolysis by digestive enzymes and protects against specific viral and bacterial pathogens.

Answer 38

Lamina propria

Question 39

# Reversed prompt Lined with stratified squamous epithelium, which may be keratinized, partially keratinized, or nonkeratinized depending on the location.

Answer 39

Oral Cavity (Mouth)

Question 40

# Reversed prompt Detect five categories: Salty, sour, sweet, bitter, and umami The four types of lingual papillae are elevations of the tongue's mucous membrane that assume various forms and functions. Filiform papillae Fungiform papillae Foliate papillae Vallate (or circumvallate) papillae

Answer 40

Taste buds

Question 41

# Reversed prompt Very numerous, have an elongated conical shape, and are heavily keratinized, which gives their surface a gray or whitish appearance. They provide a rough surface that facilitates movement of food during chewing. These have no taste buds.

Answer 41

Filiform papillae

Question 42

# Reversed prompt Much less numerous, lightly keratinized, and interspersed among the filiform papillae. They are mushroom-shaped with well-vascularized and innervated cores of lamina propria. A few taste buds are present.

Answer 42

Fungiform papillae

Question 43

# Reversed prompt Consist of several parallel ridges on each side of the tongue. Some taste buds are present.

Answer 43

Foliate papillae

Question 44

# Reversed prompt The largest papillae, with diameters of 1-3 mm. Ducts of several small, serous salivary glands empty near each vallate papilla. This provides a flow of fluid over the numerous taste buds, clearing food particles so that the taste buds can receive and process new stimuli.

Answer 44

Vallate (or circumvallate) papillae

Question 45

# Reversed prompt A calcified tissue harder than bone, consisting of 70% hydroxyapatite.

Answer 45

Dentin

Question 46

# Reversed prompt The hardest component of the human body, consisting of 96% calcium hydroxyapatite and only 2%-3% organic material including very few proteins and no collagen.

Answer 46

Enamel

Question 47

# Reversed prompt Comprises the structures responsible for maintaining the teeth in their sockets, and includes the cementum, the periodontal ligament, and the alveolar bone with the associated gingiva (gums).

Answer 47

Periodontium

Question 48

# Reversed prompt Covers the dentin of the root and resembles bone, but it is avascular.

Answer 48

Cementum

Question 49

# Reversed prompt Fibrous connective tissue with bundled collagen fibers binding the cementum and the alveolar bone. It has a rich supply of blood vessels and nerves, giving the periodontal ligament sensory and nutritive functions. Helps protect the alveolus from the recurrent pressure exerted during mastication.

Answer 49

Periodontal ligament

Question 50

# Reversed prompt Lacks the typical lamellar pattern of adult bone but has osteoblasts and osteocytes engaging in continuous remodeling of the bony matrix. It is surrounded by the periodontal ligament.

Answer 50

Alveolar bone