Female Reproductive System

Question 1

Uterine tubes or oviducts or fallopian tubes

Answer 1

Paired ducts that:

Catch the ovulated secondary oocyte.

Nourish both the oocyte and sperm.

Provide the microenvironment for fertilization.

Transport the embryo to the uterus.

Question 2

Tubal ligation

Answer 2

A common surgical type of contraception.

Question 3

Salpingitis

Answer 3

The uterine tube mucosa can become inflamed if infectious agents ascend from the lower genital tract

Question 4

Uterus

Answer 4

Supported by the set of ligaments and mesenteries also associated with the ovaries and uterine tubes, the uterine wall has three major layers

Perimetrium

Myometrium

Endometrium

Question 5

Perimetrium

Answer 5

An outer connective tissue layer, which is a type of serosa covered by mesothelium.

Question 6

Myometrium

Answer 6

A thick layer of highly vascularized smooth muscle.

Question 7

Endometrium

Answer 7

A mucosa lined by simple columnar epithelium. It has a basal layer and a functional layer.

Question 8

Vulva

Answer 8

Consists of the external female sex organs

Question 9

Clitoris

Answer 9

Has a tunica albuginea, glans, and prepuce, as does
the penis. The crura are attached to the pubic bone. The erectile tissue is the
paired corpora cavernosa, which are composed of trabeculae (spongy
tissue) and smooth muscle.

Question 10

Bulb of vestibule (vestibular bulbs)

Answer 10

Erectile tissue

Question 11

Ovaries

Answer 11

Each ovary is covered by a simple surface (or
germinal) epithelium overlying a layer of dense
connective tissue capsule, the tunica albuginea.

Made up of cortex and medulla

Question 12

Ovary Cortex

Answer 12

highly cellular connective tissue and many
ovarian follicles after menarche (first menstrual
period).

Question 13

Ovary Medulla

Answer 13

Loose connective tissue and blood vessels.

Question 14

Primordial follicle

Answer 14

At puberty, with follicle-
stimulating hormone (FSH) causes primordial
follicles each month begin follicular growth.

Question 15

Unilaminar primary follicle

Answer 15

Follicular cells divide
and form a simple cuboidal epithelium (unilaminar,
or one layer of cells) around the growing oocyte.
The follicle is now called primary.

Question 16

Multilaminar primary follicle

Answer 16

The follicular cells
proliferate, forming a stratified (multicell layer)
epithelium with granulosa cells (= follicular cells).

Stromal cells outside each follicle form the follicular theca interna and externa.

Question 17

Secondary or antral follicles

Answer 17

The follicle cells secrete
follicular fluid. The granulosa cells form a cavity called
the antrum. Follicular fluid contains several substances,
including high concentrations of steroid hormones (progesterone, androstenedione, and estrogens).

Question 18

Mature follicle

Answer 18

The single large antrum of a mature or Graafian follicle expands to a diameter of 2 cm or more. A mature follicle can be imaged with ultrasound. It develops from a primordial follicle over a period of about 90 days.

Question 19

Corpus luteum

Answer 19

After ovulation, the
granulosa cells and theca interna of the follicle form a temporary endocrine gland, the corpus luteum.

Question 20

Corpus albicans

Answer 20

The scar of connective tissue that forms at the site of a corpus luteum after its
involution. It contains mostly collagen, and gradually becomes
very small and lost in the ovarian stroma.

Question 21

Ovulation

Answer 21

The hormone-stimulated process by which the oocyte is released from the ovary. It normally occurs around the 14th day of a typical 28-day cycle. In humans usually only one oocyte is liberated during each cycle.

Question 22

PCOS (polycystic ovary syndrome)

Answer 22

A common cause of infertility in women.

Growing primary follicles can become involved
in PCOS, which is characterized by enlarged
ovaries with numerous cysts and with no
follicles completing maturation successfully.

Question 23

Ovarian and Menstrual Cycle

Answer 23

1. Day 1-13: FSH stimulates follicle growth (follicular phase); the follicles produce
   estrogen, which stimulates the proliferative phase of the uterine cycle and peaks near ovulation.
2. Day 14: LH induces ovulation and also
   formation of the corpus luteum.
3. Day 15-27: After ovulation the corpus luteum
   forms and produces both progesterone and
   estrogens (follicular phase), which together promote growth and development, the secretory phase of the endometrial functional
   layer.
4. Day 17-25: The estrogens produced by the corpus luteum inhibit FSH release.
5. Day 1-5: Unless fertilization and implantation
   of an embryo occur, regression of the corpus
   luteum leads to declining levels of the steroid
   hormones and the new endometrial tissue is not
   maintained. This tissue sloughs off as the menstrual flow, the first day of which is taken to mark day 1 of both the ovarian cycle and the
   uterine cycle.

Question 24

Pregnancy and HCG (human chorionic gonadotropin)

Answer 24

If pregnancy occurs, the
uterine mucosa must not be allowed to undergo
menstruation because the embryo would be lost. To
prevent the drop in circulating progesterone, the implanted embryo produces human chorionic
gonadotropin (HCG).

HCG maintains and promotes further growth of the corpus luteum, stimulating secretion of
progesterone to maintain the uterine mucosa.

Question 25

Embryo Implantation

Answer 25

After fertilization of the ovum by a spermatozoan, the zygote begins to divide, forming a hollow ball of cells, the blastocyst. At this time the uterus is in the secretory phase and best prepared for implantation. The blastocyst forms two parts, the trophoblast and the embryoblast, which will form the embryo. During implantation, the part of the trophoblast in contact with the uterus differentiates into the cytotrophoblast, which will form part of the placenta, and the syncytiotrophoblast, an outer layer that invades the endometrium.

Question 26

Implantation

Answer 26

The attachment of the blastocyst to the surface cells of the endometrium and its penetration into the underlying stroma, a process that lasts about 3 days

Question 27

Mammary Gland

Answer 27

The main structures are the lobes (15-25), each with its own lactiferous (excretory) duct, which consists of lobules and smaller alveoli. The lactiferous ducts empty into lactiferous sinuses that collect milk and release it through the nipple.

Question 28

The structure of the mammary glands is similar to

Answer 28

Apocrine sweat glands

Question 29

What is the significance of the substances of the zone pellucida?

Answer 29

They activate the acrosome of the spermatozoa for fertilization.

Question 30

When in the menstrual cycle does ovulation take place?

Answer 30

Around day 14

Question 31

The lining of the vagina is composed of which type of epithelium?

Answer 31

Nonkeratinized stratified squamous

Question 32

A surge in which of these hormones is the immediate cause of ovulation?

Answer 32

LH (Luteinizing hormone)

Question 33

The first menstrual cycle, which happens at the onset of puberty, is called the

Answer 33

Menarche

Question 34

The duct of the seminal vesicle and the duct of the vas deferens join to form the

Answer 34

Ejaculatory duct

Question 35

In the early embryo, at about 50-52 days, the genital (or urogenital) tubercle develops. In males this will become the ______________ and in females it becomes the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_

Answer 35

Glans penis, glans clitoris

Question 36

Meiosis 2 occurs between the secondary spermatocyte and spermatid stages. How do the chromosomes of spermatids differ from those of secondary spermatocytes?

Answer 36

The chromosome set of spermatids is haploid.

Question 37

The female germ cells that are homologous to spermatogonia are called

Answer 37

Oogonia

Question 38

The possibility of prostatic carcinoma is indicated by \_\_\_\_\_\_\_

Answer 38

Elevated levels of PSA

Question 39

The ovary of females is considered to be the homologue of the testis in males because the two organs develop from the same undifferentiated gonad of the embryo. The labia majora of females are homologous to the ___________ of males.

Answer 39

Scrotum

Question 40

The male urethra has three parts. Urine leaving the bladder passes through each part in this order:

Answer 40

Prostatic urethra, membranous urethra, penile urethra

Question 41

Which one of these is true of chorionic villi?

Answer 41

The villi are part of the placenta The villi are bathed in maternal blood The villi are deeply embedded in the decidua of the uterus

Question 42

Which hormones are responsible for regeneration and development of the functional layer of the endometrium following menstruation?

Answer 42

Estrogens

Question 43

The endometrium is lined by \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_

Answer 43

Simple columnar epithelium

Question 44

Which of these produces Human Chorionic Gonadotropin?

Answer 44

Placenta

Question 45

Late in pregnancy, lymphocytes differentiate as plasma cells, which then secrete

Answer 45

Immunoglobulin A antibodies

Question 46

On what day of the ovarian cycle does the embryo typically implant in the endometrium?

Answer 46

Day 7

Question 47

At ovulation, the egg cell is at what stage of oogenesis?

Answer 47

Secondary oocyte, with 23 chromosomes

Question 48

In post-menopausal women, the vaginal lining may atrophy. This is due to

Answer 48

Reduced levels of estrogen

Question 49

Where do the primordial germ cells that will form oocytes originate?

Answer 49

Yolk sac of the embryo

Question 50

# Reversed prompt Paired ducts that: Catch the ovulated secondary oocyte. Nourish both the oocyte and sperm. Provide the microenvironment for fertilization. Transport the embryo to the uterus.

Answer 50

Uterine tubes or oviducts or fallopian tubes

Question 51

# Reversed prompt A common surgical type of contraception.

Answer 51

Tubal ligation

Question 52

# Reversed prompt The uterine tube mucosa can become inflamed if infectious agents ascend from the lower genital tract

Answer 52

Salpingitis

Question 53

# Reversed prompt Supported by the set of ligaments and mesenteries also associated with the ovaries and uterine tubes, the uterine wall has three major layers Perimetrium Myometrium Endometrium

Answer 53

Uterus

Question 54

# Reversed prompt An outer connective tissue layer, which is a type of serosa covered by mesothelium.

Answer 54

Perimetrium

Question 55

# Reversed prompt A thick layer of highly vascularized smooth muscle.

Answer 55

Myometrium

Question 56

# Reversed prompt A mucosa lined by simple columnar epithelium. It has a basal layer and a functional layer.

Answer 56

Endometrium

Question 57

# Reversed prompt Consists of the external female sex organs

Answer 57

Vulva

Question 58

# Reversed prompt Has a tunica albuginea, glans, and prepuce, as does the penis. The crura are attached to the pubic bone. The erectile tissue is the paired corpora cavernosa, which are composed of trabeculae (spongy tissue) and smooth muscle.

Answer 58

Clitoris

Question 59

# Reversed prompt Erectile tissue

Answer 59

Bulb of vestibule (vestibular bulbs)

Question 60

# Reversed prompt Each ovary is covered by a simple surface (or germinal) epithelium overlying a layer of dense connective tissue capsule, the tunica albuginea. Made up of cortex and medulla

Answer 60

Ovaries

Question 61

# Reversed prompt highly cellular connective tissue and many ovarian follicles after menarche (first menstrual period).

Answer 61

Ovary Cortex

Question 62

# Reversed prompt Loose connective tissue and blood vessels.

Answer 62

Ovary Medulla

Question 63

# Reversed prompt At puberty, with follicle- stimulating hormone (FSH) causes primordial follicles each month begin follicular growth.

Answer 63

Primordial follicle

Question 64

# Reversed prompt Follicular cells divide and form a simple cuboidal epithelium (unilaminar, or one layer of cells) around the growing oocyte. The follicle is now called primary.

Answer 64

Unilaminar primary follicle

Question 65

# Reversed prompt The follicular cells proliferate, forming a stratified (multicell layer) epithelium with granulosa cells (= follicular cells). Stromal cells outside each follicle form the follicular theca interna and externa.

Answer 65

Multilaminar primary follicle

Question 66

# Reversed prompt The follicle cells secrete follicular fluid. The granulosa cells form a cavity called the antrum. Follicular fluid contains several substances, including high concentrations of steroid hormones (progesterone, androstenedione, and estrogens).

Answer 66

Secondary or antral follicles

Question 67

# Reversed prompt The single large antrum of a mature or Graafian follicle expands to a diameter of 2 cm or more. A mature follicle can be imaged with ultrasound. It develops from a primordial follicle over a period of about 90 days.

Answer 67

Mature follicle

Question 68

# Reversed prompt After ovulation, the granulosa cells and theca interna of the follicle form a temporary endocrine gland, the corpus luteum.

Answer 68

Corpus luteum

Question 69

# Reversed prompt The scar of connective tissue that forms at the site of a corpus luteum after its involution. It contains mostly collagen, and gradually becomes very small and lost in the ovarian stroma.

Answer 69

Corpus albicans

Question 70

# Reversed prompt The hormone-stimulated process by which the oocyte is released from the ovary. It normally occurs around the 14th day of a typical 28-day cycle. In humans usually only one oocyte is liberated during each cycle.

Answer 70

Ovulation

Question 71

# Reversed prompt A common cause of infertility in women. Growing primary follicles can become involved in PCOS, which is characterized by enlarged ovaries with numerous cysts and with no follicles completing maturation successfully.

Answer 71

PCOS (polycystic ovary syndrome)

Question 72

# Reversed prompt 1. Day 1-13: FSH stimulates follicle growth (follicular phase); the follicles produce estrogen, which stimulates the proliferative phase of the uterine cycle and peaks near ovulation. 2. Day 14: LH induces ovulation and also formation of the corpus luteum. 3. Day 15-27: After ovulation the corpus luteum forms and produces both progesterone and estrogens (follicular phase), which together promote growth and development, the secretory phase of the endometrial functional layer. 4. Day 17-25: The estrogens produced by the corpus luteum inhibit FSH release. 5. Day 1-5: Unless fertilization and implantation of an embryo occur, regression of the corpus luteum leads to declining levels of the steroid hormones and the new endometrial tissue is not maintained. This tissue sloughs off as the menstrual flow, the first day of which is taken to mark day 1 of both the ovarian cycle and the uterine cycle.

Answer 72

Ovarian and Menstrual Cycle

Question 73

# Reversed prompt If pregnancy occurs, the uterine mucosa must not be allowed to undergo menstruation because the embryo would be lost. To prevent the drop in circulating progesterone, the implanted embryo produces human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG). HCG maintains and promotes further growth of the corpus luteum, stimulating secretion of progesterone to maintain the uterine mucosa.

Answer 73

Pregnancy and HCG (human chorionic gonadotropin)

Question 74

# Reversed prompt After fertilization of the ovum by a spermatozoan, the zygote begins to divide, forming a hollow ball of cells, the blastocyst. At this time the uterus is in the secretory phase and best prepared for implantation. The blastocyst forms two parts, the trophoblast and the embryoblast, which will form the embryo. During implantation, the part of the trophoblast in contact with the uterus differentiates into the cytotrophoblast, which will form part of the placenta, and the syncytiotrophoblast, an outer layer that invades the endometrium.

Answer 74

Embryo Implantation

Question 75

# Reversed prompt The attachment of the blastocyst to the surface cells of the endometrium and its penetration into the underlying stroma, a process that lasts about 3 days

Answer 75

Implantation

Question 76

# Reversed prompt The main structures are the lobes (15-25), each with its own lactiferous (excretory) duct, which consists of lobules and smaller alveoli. The lactiferous ducts empty into lactiferous sinuses that collect milk and release it through the nipple.

Answer 76

Mammary Gland