The Cell Flashcards
(164 cards)
1
Q
Plasma Membrane structure
A
Phospholipid bilayer containing cholesterol and
proteins (integral and peripheral) and some
carbohydrates (externally); forms a selectively
permeable boundary of the cell
2
Q
Cilia structure
A
Short, numerous membrane extensions
supported by microtubules, which occur on
exposed membrane surfaces of some cells
3
Q
Flagellum structure
A
Long, singular membrane extension supported
by microtubules; present on sperm cells
4
Q
Microvilli structure
A
Numerous thin membrane folds projecting from
the free cell surface; supported by
microfilaments
5
Q
Nucleus structure
A
Large structure enclosed within a double
membrane; contains chromatin, nucleolus, and
nucleoplasm
6
Q
Nuclear envelope structure
A
Double membrane boundary between cytoplasm
and nuclear contents; continuous with rough
endoplasmic reticulum
7
Q
Nuclear Pores structure
A
Openings through the nuclear envelope
8
Q
Nucleolus structure
A
Large, prominent structure within the nucleus
9
Q
Cytoplasm structure
A
Contents of cells between the plasma
membrane and nuclear envelope
10
Q
Cytosol structure
A
Viscous fluid medium with dissolved solutes
(eg, ions, proteins, carbohydrates, lipids)
11
Q
Organelles structures
A
Membrane-bound and nonmembrane bound structures
12
Q
Rough endoplasmic reticulum (rough ER) structure
A
Extensive interconnected membrane
network that varies in shape (eg, cisternae,
tubules); ribosomes attached on
cytoplasmic surface
13
Q
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (smooth ER) structure
A
Extensive interconnected membrane
network lacking ribosomes
14
Q
Golgi apparatus structure
A
Series of several elongated, flattened
saclike membranous structures
15
Q
Vesicles structure
A
Spherical-shaped membrane-bound sacs;
contain various types of materials to be
transported through the cell.
16
Q
Lysosomes structure
A
Spherical-shaped membrane-bound
organelles formed from the Golgi
apparatus; contain digestive enzymes
17
Q
Peroxisomes structure
A
Smaller, spherical-shaped membrane bound organelles formed from the ER or through fission; contain oxidative enzymes produced by ribosomes
18
Q
Mitochondria structure
A
Double membrane-bound organelles
containing a circular strand of DNA (genes
for producing mitochondrial proteins)
19
Q
Ribosomes structure
A
Organelles composed of both protein and
ribosomal RNA (rRNA) that are organized
into both a large and small subunit; may be
bound to a membrane or free in cytosol
20
Q
Cytoskeleton components
A
Actin microfilaments, Intermediate filaments, Microtubules
21
Q
Cytoskeleton structure
A
Organized network of protein filaments and
hollow tubules, including microfilaments,
intermediate filaments, and microtubules
22
Q
Microfilaments structure
A
Actin protein monomers organized into two
thin, intertwined protein filaments (actin
filaments)
23
Q
Intermediate filaments structure
A
Various protein components
24
Q
Microtubules structure
A
Hollow cylinders composed of tubulin
protein
25
Centrosomes structure
Amorphous region adjacent to nucleus;
contains a pair of centrioles
26
Proteasomes structure
Large, barrel-shaped protein complexes not associated with any membrane located in both the cytosol and nucleus
27
Inclusions structure
Aggregates of specific types of molecules
| (eg, melanin protein, glycogen, or lipid)
28
Plasma Membrane function
Acts as a physical barrier to
enclose cell contents; regulates
material movement into and out of
the cell; establishes and maintains
an electrical charge difference
across the plasma membrane;
functions in cell communication
29
Cilia function
Move substances (eg, mucus and
dissolved materials) over the cell
surface
30
Flagellum function
Propels sperm
31
Microvilli function
Increase membrane surface area
for greater absorption
32
Nucleus function
Houses the DNA that serves as the
genetic material for directing
protein synthesis
Cellular regulation and Production of ribosomal subunits
33
Nuclear envelope function
Separates nucleus from cytoplasm
34
Nuclear Pores function
Allow passage of materials between the
cytoplasm and nucleoplasm, including
ribonucleic acid (RNA), protein, ions,
and small water-soluble molecules
35
Nucleolus function
Functions in synthesis of ribosomes
36
Cytoplasm function
Responsible for many cellular processes
37
Cytosol function
Provides support for organelles; serves as the
viscous fluid medium through which diffusion
occurs
38
Organelles function
Carry out specific metabolic activities of the
cell
39
Rough endoplasmic reticulum (rough ER) function
Modifies, transports, and stores proteins
produced by attached ribosomes; these
proteins are secreted, become components of
the plasma membrane, or serve as enzymes of
lysosomes
40
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (smooth ER) function
Synthesizes phospholipids, detoxification of alcohol and drugs, and controlled release of Ca++ which is important in muscle cells.
transports and stores lipids (eg. steroids); metabolizes carbohydrates;
detoxifies drugs, alcohol, and poisons; forms vesicles and peroxisomes
41
Golgi apparatus function
Modifies, packages, and sorts materials that
arrive from the ER in transport vesicles; forms
secretory vesicles and lysosomes
42
Vesicles function
Transport cellular material
43
Lysosomes function
Digest microbes or materials (eg, ingested by
the cell, worn-out cellular components, or the
entire cell)
44
Peroxisomes function
Spherical organelles that carry enzymes, produced by ribosomes, that produce and break down H2O2. The H2O2 is used to destroy toxic molecules.
Detoxify specific harmful substances either
produced by the cell or taken into the cell;
engage in beta oxidation of fatty acids to
acetyl CoA
45
Mitochondria function
Synthesize most ATP during aerobic cellular
respiration by digestion of fuel molecules (eg,
glucose) in the presence of oxygen
46
Ribosomes function
Engage in protein synthesis: Bound ribosomes
produce proteins that are secreted,
incorporated into plasma membrane, and
within lysosomes; free ribosomes produce
proteins used within the cell
47
Cytoskeleton function
Maintains intracellular structural support
and organization of cells; participates in cell
division; facilitates movement
48
Microfilaments function
Maintain cell shape; support microvilli;
separate two cells during cytokinesis (a
process of cell division); facilitate change in
cell shape; participate in muscle contraction
49
Intermediate filaments function
Provide structural support; stabilize
junctions between cells
50
Microtubules function
Maintain cell shape and rigidity; organize
and move organelles; support cilia and
flagella; participate in vesicular transport;
separate chromosomes during the process
of cell division
51
Centrosomes function
Organizes microtubules; participates in
mitotic spindle formation during cell division
52
Proteasomes function
Small protein complexes that are not associated with any membrane. Unlike lysosomes, they digest individual molecules.
Degrade and digest damaged or unneeded
proteins; ensure quality of exported proteins
53
Inclusions function
Serve as temporary storage for specific types of molecules (eg. melanin protein, glycogen, or lipid)
54
Two major lipids
Phospholipid (various types) and Cholesterol
55
What are lipids?
Lipids are biomolecules of C, H, and O that are soluble in nonpolar solvents. They are hydrophobic.
56
Simple lipids
Fatty acids
Waxes
Glycerides (glycerol + fatty acids)
57
Compound lipids
Phospholipids (glycerol + fatty acids + PO4)
Glycolipids
58
Derived lipids
Sterols
Steroids
Carotenoids
59
What are fats?
A fat is an ester of fatty acids
60
What is a fatty acid?
A carboxylic acid with a linear (unbranched) chain
61
How do small molecules cross the plasma membrane?
Diffusion
Osmosis
Channels
Protein carriers
Pumps
62
How do large molecules cross the plasma membrane?
Exocytosis: moving from inside to outside of the cell
Ex: Release of neurotransmitter by nerve cells
Endocytosis: moving from outside the cell to inside the cell
(Three types: Phagocytosis, Pinocytosis, and Receptor-mediated endocytosis)
63
Phagocytosis
Type of endocytosis in which vesicles are formed as particulate materials external to the cell are engulfed by pseudopodia
Ex: White blood cell engulfing bacterium
64
Pinocytosis
Type of endocytosis in which vesicles are formed as interstitial fluid is taken up by the cell
Ex: Formation of small vesicles in capillary wall to move substances
65
Receptor-mediated endocytosis
Type of endocytosis in which plasma membrane receptors first bind specific substances; receptor and bound substance then taken up by the cell
Ex: Uptake of cholesterol (LDL) into cells, mediated by atorvastatin (statin drug)
66
Endocrine signaling
In endocrine signaling, the signal molecules (here called hormones) are carried in the blood from their sources to target cells throughout the body.
67
Paracrine signaling
In paracrine signaling, the chemical ligand diffuses in extracellular fluid but is rapidly metabolized so that its effect is only local on target cells near its source.
68
Synaptic signaling
In synaptic signaling, a special kind of paracrine interaction, neurotransmitters act on adjacent cells through special contact areas called synapses.
69
Autocrine signaling
In autocrine signaling, signals bind receptors on the same cells that produced the messenger molecule.
Cell is communicating with itself
70
Juxtacrine signaling
In juxtacrine signaling, important in embryonic tissues, the signaling molecules are cell membrane–bound proteins which bind to surface receptors of the target cell when the two cells make direct physical contact.
71
Ligands
Binding receptors in a cell membrane
72
Secretory Granules
Vesicles produced by the Golgi apparatus, which carry and store a variety of concentrated enzymes or other products until they are released by exocytosis
73
Chromatin
Consists of DNA and proteins, and is partitioned into 23 pairs of chromosomes in humans
74
Nucleolus
a very basophilic localized area of chromatin; it is where ribosomal subunit assembly occurs
75
Mitosis
Adds and replaces identical cells
| (Interphase, Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase/Telophase)
76
Meiosis
Produces haploid cells with new genetic combinations; gene set rearranged by crossing over and recombination
77
The cytoskeletal component that enables endocytosis by shaping the cell membrane is
Actin microfilaments
78
What component of the cytoskeleton moves organelles and vesicles around within the cytoplasm?
Microtubules
79
Receptors embedded in the cell membrane are a type of
Integral proteins
80
The release of neurotransmitters at the synaptic cleft is an example of
Exocytosis
81
Which of organelle divides to form new copies of itself?
Mitochondria
82
Tay-Sachs disease is due to
The absence of an lysosomal enzyme (because of a defective protein) that breaks down fatty substances in the nervous system, leading to toxicity.
83
Which of these initiates concentration and storage of secretory products into secretory granules?
Golgi apparatus
84
The mechanism by which a bacterium is brought into a cell is called
Phagocytosis
85
What process brings extracellular fluid into the cell?
Pinocytosis
86
Which are small protein complexes that digest individual molecules and act as a type of quality control in the cell?
Proteasomes
87
Pseudohypoparathyroidism and one type of dwarfism is caused by a
Defective parathyroid and growth hormone receptors, respectively
88
Vesicles carry proteins from the RER to the ______________ to complete posttranslational modifications.
Golgi apparatus
89
# Reversed prompt
Phospholipid bilayer containing cholesterol and
proteins (integral and peripheral) and some
carbohydrates (externally); forms a selectively
permeable boundary of the cell
Plasma Membrane structure
90
# Reversed prompt
Short, numerous membrane extensions
supported by microtubules, which occur on
exposed membrane surfaces of some cells
Cilia structure
91
# Reversed prompt
Long, singular membrane extension supported
by microtubules; present on sperm cells
Flagellum structure
92
# Reversed prompt
Numerous thin membrane folds projecting from
the free cell surface; supported by
microfilaments
Microvilli structure
93
# Reversed prompt
Large structure enclosed within a double
membrane; contains chromatin, nucleolus, and
nucleoplasm
Nucleus structure
94
# Reversed prompt
Double membrane boundary between cytoplasm
and nuclear contents; continuous with rough
endoplasmic reticulum
Nuclear envelope structure
95
# Reversed prompt
Openings through the nuclear envelope
Nuclear Pores structure
96
# Reversed prompt
Large, prominent structure within the nucleus
Nucleolus structure
97
# Reversed prompt
Contents of cells between the plasma
membrane and nuclear envelope
Cytoplasm structure
98
# Reversed prompt
Viscous fluid medium with dissolved solutes
| (eg, ions, proteins, carbohydrates, lipids)
Cytosol structure
99
# Reversed prompt
Membrane-bound and nonmembrane bound structures
Organelles structures
100
# Reversed prompt
Extensive interconnected membrane
network that varies in shape (eg, cisternae,
tubules); ribosomes attached on
cytoplasmic surface
Rough endoplasmic reticulum (rough ER) structure
101
# Reversed prompt
Extensive interconnected membrane
network lacking ribosomes
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (smooth ER) structure
102
# Reversed prompt
Series of several elongated, flattened
saclike membranous structures
Golgi apparatus structure
103
# Reversed prompt
Spherical-shaped membrane-bound sacs;
contain various types of materials to be
transported through the cell.
Vesicles structure
104
# Reversed prompt
Spherical-shaped membrane-bound
organelles formed from the Golgi
apparatus; contain digestive enzymes
Lysosomes structure
105
# Reversed prompt
Smaller, spherical-shaped membrane bound organelles formed from the ER or through fission; contain oxidative enzymes produced by ribosomes
Peroxisomes structure
106
# Reversed prompt
Double membrane-bound organelles
containing a circular strand of DNA (genes
for producing mitochondrial proteins)
Mitochondria structure
107
# Reversed prompt
Organelles composed of both protein and
ribosomal RNA (rRNA) that are organized
into both a large and small subunit; may be
bound to a membrane or free in cytosol
Ribosomes structure
108
# Reversed prompt
Actin microfilaments, Intermediate filaments, Microtubules
Cytoskeleton components
109
# Reversed prompt
Organized network of protein filaments and
hollow tubules, including microfilaments,
intermediate filaments, and microtubules
Cytoskeleton structure
110
# Reversed prompt
Actin protein monomers organized into two
thin, intertwined protein filaments (actin
filaments)
Microfilaments structure
111
# Reversed prompt
Various protein components
Intermediate filaments structure
112
# Reversed prompt
Hollow cylinders composed of tubulin
protein
Microtubules structure
113
# Reversed prompt
Amorphous region adjacent to nucleus;
contains a pair of centrioles
Centrosomes structure
114
# Reversed prompt
Large, barrel-shaped protein complexes not associated with any membrane located in both the cytosol and nucleus
Proteasomes structure
115
# Reversed prompt
Aggregates of specific types of molecules
| (eg, melanin protein, glycogen, or lipid)
Inclusions structure
116
# Reversed prompt
Acts as a physical barrier to
enclose cell contents; regulates
material movement into and out of
the cell; establishes and maintains
an electrical charge difference
across the plasma membrane;
functions in cell communication
Plasma Membrane function
117
# Reversed prompt
Move substances (eg, mucus and
dissolved materials) over the cell
surface
Cilia function
118
# Reversed prompt
Propels sperm
Flagellum function
119
# Reversed prompt
Increase membrane surface area
for greater absorption
Microvilli function
120
# Reversed prompt
Houses the DNA that serves as the
genetic material for directing
protein synthesis
Cellular regulation and Production of ribosomal subunits
Nucleus function
121
# Reversed prompt
Separates nucleus from cytoplasm
Nuclear envelope function
122
# Reversed prompt
Allow passage of materials between the
cytoplasm and nucleoplasm, including
ribonucleic acid (RNA), protein, ions,
and small water-soluble molecules
Nuclear Pores function
123
# Reversed prompt
Functions in synthesis of ribosomes
Nucleolus function
124
# Reversed prompt
Responsible for many cellular processes
Cytoplasm function
125
# Reversed prompt
Provides support for organelles; serves as the
viscous fluid medium through which diffusion
occurs
Cytosol function
126
# Reversed prompt
Carry out specific metabolic activities of the
cell
Organelles function
127
# Reversed prompt
Modifies, transports, and stores proteins
produced by attached ribosomes; these
proteins are secreted, become components of
the plasma membrane, or serve as enzymes of
lysosomes
Rough endoplasmic
reticulum (rough ER) function
128
# Reversed prompt
Synthesizes phospholipids, detoxification of alcohol and drugs, and controlled release of Ca++ which is important in muscle cells.
transports and stores lipids (eg. steroids); metabolizes carbohydrates;
detoxifies drugs, alcohol, and poisons; forms vesicles and peroxisomes
Smooth endoplasmic
reticulum (smooth
ER) function
129
# Reversed prompt
Modifies, packages, and sorts materials that
arrive from the ER in transport vesicles; forms
secretory vesicles and lysosomes
Golgi apparatus function
130
# Reversed prompt
Transport cellular material
Vesicles function
131
# Reversed prompt
Digest microbes or materials (eg, ingested by
the cell, worn-out cellular components, or the
entire cell)
Lysosomes function
132
# Reversed prompt
Spherical organelles that carry enzymes, produced by ribosomes, that produce and break down H2O2. The H2O2 is used to destroy toxic molecules.
Detoxify specific harmful substances either
produced by the cell or taken into the cell;
engage in beta oxidation of fatty acids to
acetyl CoA
Peroxisomes function
133
# Reversed prompt
Synthesize most ATP during aerobic cellular
respiration by digestion of fuel molecules (eg,
glucose) in the presence of oxygen
Mitochondria function
134
# Reversed prompt
Engage in protein synthesis: Bound ribosomes
produce proteins that are secreted,
incorporated into plasma membrane, and
within lysosomes; free ribosomes produce
proteins used within the cell
Ribosomes function
135
# Reversed prompt
Maintains intracellular structural support
and organization of cells; participates in cell
division; facilitates movement
Cytoskeleton function
136
# Reversed prompt
Maintain cell shape; support microvilli;
separate two cells during cytokinesis (a
process of cell division); facilitate change in
cell shape; participate in muscle contraction
Microfilaments function
137
# Reversed prompt
Provide structural support; stabilize
junctions between cells
Intermediate filaments function
138
# Reversed prompt
Maintain cell shape and rigidity; organize
and move organelles; support cilia and
flagella; participate in vesicular transport;
separate chromosomes during the process
of cell division
Microtubules function
139
# Reversed prompt
Organizes microtubules; participates in
mitotic spindle formation during cell division
Centrosomes function
140
# Reversed prompt
Small protein complexes that are not associated with any membrane. Unlike lysosomes, they digest individual molecules.
Degrade and digest damaged or unneeded
proteins; ensure quality of exported proteins
Proteasomes function
141
# Reversed prompt
Serve as temporary storage for specific types of molecules (eg. melanin protein, glycogen, or lipid)
Inclusions function
142
# Reversed prompt
Phospholipid (various types) and Cholesterol
Two major lipids
143
# Reversed prompt
Lipids are biomolecules of C, H, and O that are soluble in nonpolar solvents. They are hydrophobic.
What are lipids?
144
# Reversed prompt
Fatty acids
Waxes
Glycerides (glycerol + fatty acids)
Simple lipids
145
# Reversed prompt
Phospholipids (glycerol + fatty acids + PO4)
Glycolipids
Compound lipids
146
# Reversed prompt
Sterols
Steroids
Carotenoids
Derived lipids
147
# Reversed prompt
A fat is an ester of fatty acids
What are fats?
148
# Reversed prompt
A carboxylic acid with a linear (unbranched) chain
What is a fatty acid?
149
# Reversed prompt
Diffusion
Osmosis
Channels
Protein carriers
Pumps
How do small molecules cross the plasma membrane?
150
# Reversed prompt
Exocytosis: moving from inside to outside of the cell
Ex: Release of neurotransmitter by nerve cells
Endocytosis: moving from outside the cell to inside the cell
(Three types: Phagocytosis, Pinocytosis, and Receptor-mediated endocytosis)
How do large molecules cross the plasma membrane?
151
# Reversed prompt
Type of endocytosis in which vesicles are formed as particulate materials external to the cell are engulfed by pseudopodia
Ex: White blood cell engulfing bacterium
Phagocytosis
152
# Reversed prompt
Type of endocytosis in which vesicles are formed as interstitial fluid is taken up by the cell
Ex: Formation of small vesicles in capillary wall to move substances
Pinocytosis
153
# Reversed prompt
Type of endocytosis in which plasma membrane receptors first bind specific substances; receptor and bound substance then taken up by the cell
Ex: Uptake of cholesterol (LDL) into cells, mediated by atorvastatin (statin drug)
Receptor-mediated endocytosis
154
# Reversed prompt
In endocrine signaling, the signal molecules (here called hormones) are carried in the blood from their sources to target cells throughout the body.
Endocrine signaling
155
# Reversed prompt
In paracrine signaling, the chemical ligand diffuses in extracellular fluid but is rapidly metabolized so that its effect is only local on target cells near its source.
Paracrine signaling
156
# Reversed prompt
In synaptic signaling, a special kind of paracrine interaction, neurotransmitters act on adjacent cells through special contact areas called synapses.
Synaptic signaling
157
# Reversed prompt
In autocrine signaling, signals bind receptors on the same cells that produced the messenger molecule.
Cell is communicating with itself
Autocrine signaling
158
# Reversed prompt
In juxtacrine signaling, important in embryonic tissues, the signaling molecules are cell membrane–bound proteins which bind to surface receptors of the target cell when the two cells make direct physical contact.
Juxtacrine signaling
159
# Reversed prompt
Binding receptors in a cell membrane
Ligands
160
# Reversed prompt
Vesicles produced by the Golgi apparatus, which carry and store a variety of concentrated enzymes or other products until they are released by exocytosis
Secretory Granules
161
# Reversed prompt
Consists of DNA and proteins, and is partitioned into 23 pairs of chromosomes in humans
Chromatin
162
# Reversed prompt
a very basophilic localized area of chromatin; it is where ribosomal subunit assembly occurs
Nucleolus
163
# Reversed prompt
Adds and replaces identical cells
| (Interphase, Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase/Telophase)
Mitosis
164
# Reversed prompt
Produces haploid cells with new genetic combinations; gene set rearranged by crossing over and recombination
Meiosis
