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Physiology > blood > Flashcards

blood Flashcards

1
Q

types of WBC’s

A

Neutrophils, luekocytes, monocytes, eosinophils and basophils

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2
Q

what WBC have secretory functions

A

basophils and eosinophils

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3
Q

hemopoisis is what? done in bone marrow

A

production of formed elements

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4
Q

do RBC or WBC last longer

A

RBC (WBC are more abundant)

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5
Q

produces most blood cells (RBC and WBC except lymphocytes)

A

myeloid progenitor

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6
Q

what is the last stage of an RBC before maturation (starting from an myeloid stem cell)

A

reticulocyte

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7
Q

cytokine produced by kidneys and liver; in response to lower O2 delivery to the kindeys (also testosterone)

A

erythropoietin

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8
Q

colony stimulating factors are __ ____ for myeloid stem cells

A

growth factors

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9
Q

what do platelets start out as

A

megakarocytes

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10
Q

the edges of the megakarocytes break off to form platelets and contain what

A

enzymes, proteins, actin and myosin.

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11
Q

a red blood cell has what components
a. DNA
b. hemoglobin
c. mitochondria (and CA)
d. all of the above

A

C

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12
Q

1 molecule of hemoglobin can hold how many o2

A

4

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13
Q

hemoglobin has a ____ structure and a hemoglobin in each chain

A

quartenary

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14
Q

what is the oxygen carrying capacity

A

1.34 O2/g Hb

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15
Q

what three structures are involved in hemolysis of RBC

A

spleen, liver and red marrow

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16
Q

ferritin is
and tranferritin is

A

iron storage protein
iron transport protein

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17
Q

where is most of the iron stored

A

liver

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18
Q

after Fe is broken down is becomes biliverdin then to ____ which moves into the intestines and liver

A

bilirubin

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19
Q

the bilirubin moves through the liver and is filtered into ___ for feces and ___ for urine

A

stercobilin; urobilin

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20
Q

each blood cell has the same 4 sugars, the presence or absense of teh 5th sugar defines what

A

blood type a, b, or o (ab has two sets)

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21
Q

ab is the universal acceptor why?

A

no antibodies

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22
Q

why is o the universal donor

A

no antigens on RBC

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23
Q

recipient blood antibodies react with donor blood antigens

A

major agglutination

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24
Q

donor blood antibodies react with recipient blood antigens

A

minor agglutination

25
Q

the RBC count is ____; female count ____, male count ____

A

hemocytometer
3.9-5.6 uL
4.5-6.5 uL

26
Q

high red blood count but normal normal count and total mass; usually due to dehydration

A

relative polycythemia

27
Q

high RBC and WBC counts; high hematocrit with no hypoxia

A

erythemia or polycythemia vera

28
Q

high RBC and arterial hypoxia

A

2° polycythemia

29
Q

packed cell volume test
normal female levels
normal male levels

A

hematocrit
42 +/- 5
47+/- 7

30
Q

MCV tests ___ ____ and the formula is

A

RBC cell; hct x 10,000 mill / uL

31
Q

normal MCV

A

87+/- 5

32
Q

avg hemoglobin

A

15g/dL

33
Q

hyperchromic cells have what ratio

A

Hb higher than RBC

34
Q

hypochromic cells and microcytic tells us what

A

iron deficiency anemia

35
Q

lowered Hb production; genetic: regulatory genes

A

thalassemia

36
Q

lowered RBC production; intrinsic factor and B12 (macrocytic)

A

pernicious anemia

37
Q

granular leukocytes

A

neutrophils, eosinophils and basophils

38
Q

what leukocyte is the first line of defense and contains hydrolytic enzymes

A

neutrophils

39
Q

parasite and inflammation regulation

A

eosinophils

40
Q

macrophages; phagocytes and help present antigens to lymphocytes

A

monocytes

41
Q

thrombocytopenia can be caused by

A

pregnancy, immune system destruction, autoimmune diseases, and bacteria in blood

42
Q

primary thrombocytosis is caused by

A

genetics; faulty stem cells

43
Q

4 steps of hemostasi

A
  1. vascular spasm & vasoconstriction
  2. platelet plug
  3. coagulation
  4. clot retraction
44
Q

platelet activation is localized to injured cells; NO does _____ and prostacyclin ____ ____ of platelets

A

vasodilation; prevent adhesion

45
Q

vascular spasm and vasoconstriction is due to

A

lowered blood flow and pressure

46
Q

____ ___ within the vessel walls are exposed and platelets adhere via ____

A

collagen fibers; integrins

47
Q

what factor helps make platelets adhere to collagen

A

von willebrand

48
Q

adhesion of platelets triggers _____ for vasoconstriction and platelet aggregation (PAF and ADP)

A

serotonin

49
Q

PAF (platelet activating factor) uses positive feed back to

A

aggregate platelets

50
Q

the intrinsic pathway for coagulation is characterized by exposure to _____

A

collagen

51
Q

what is the activation factor for intrinsic pathway

A

factor XII

52
Q

the extrinsic pathway is characterized by damage tissues that release _____ ; which in turn activates factor ___

A

factor III (thromboplastin) ; VII

53
Q

the common pathway completes the process initiated by intrinsic or extrinsic and is controlled by what factor

A

factor X

54
Q

factor X is

A

prothrombin converting factor

55
Q

conversion of ____ to _____ is stage II of common pathway

A

prothrombin –> thrombin

56
Q

stage III of common pathway is

A

soluble fibrinogen to insoluble fibrin

57
Q

the crosslinking of fibrin strands creates a

A

stabilized clot

58
Q

thrombin and tissue plasminogen activator activates

A

plasminogen into plasmin

59
Q

plasmin in turn cuts ____ into short segments and removes meshwork

A

fibrin

Physiology (19 decks)

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