Ch.11

Question 1

a diffuse endocrine system is characterized by

Answer 1

individual cells that act as endocrine (digestive)

Question 2

neurosecretion of hormones happens in hypothalamus and regulate release of

Answer 2

traditional hormones

Question 3

what are the two growth factors (growth factors are local)

Answer 3

cell division and growth

Question 4

cytokines are too ____ and local to be considered hormone

Answer 4

variable

Question 5

conversion of signal to action and involves amplification, these are charac. of what

Answer 5

hormone action

Question 6

endocrine is long term and slower than

Answer 6

nervous

Question 7

enzymes are most common way to break down and get rid of

Answer 7

hormones

Question 8

bound hormones are degraded by

Answer 8

endocytosis in lysosomes

Question 9

lipophilic hormones have ____ enxymes to be broken down

Answer 9

intracellular

Question 10

stimulus, sensor, action potential, release of NT to target cell, response

Answer 10

simple neural reflex

Question 11

activate endocrine, releases, hormone, travels through blood stream, target cell, response

Answer 11

simple endocrine

Question 12

activate neuron, releases neurohormone, travels bloodstream, target cell, response

Answer 12

neural endocrine reflex

Question 13

start with nervous system which releases NT or neurohormones, can from there go to target cell or into bloodstream (can act on many endocrine glands) always finishes with endocrine

Answer 13

complex neuroendocrine

Question 14

most hormones are a type of ___, produced by protein synthesis

Answer 14

protein or peptide

Question 15

protein hormones are almost always hydro____; short half life

Answer 15

philic (easy to transport)

Question 16

steroid hormones all come from

Answer 16

cholesterol

Question 17

adrenal cortex of adrenal gland and testis and ovaries have a lot of what type of hormones

Answer 17

steroid hormones

Question 18

steroid hormones have a ___ half life than. protein and are hydrop___ (typically have genomic function)

Answer 18

longer, phobc

Question 19

what are the amine hormones

Answer 19

tryptophan and tyrosine

Question 20

tyrosine has catecholamines, what are they; what is tyrosines not catecholamine group

Answer 20

dopamine, epinephrine and norepinephrine; thyroid

Question 21

tryptophan releases

Answer 21

melatonin

Question 22

the thryoid hormone has what two hormones

Answer 22

T3 and T4

Question 23

t3 is the ___ form

Answer 23

functional

Question 24

a target cell must have a ____ to function

Answer 24

receptor

Question 25

parathyroid is permissive for

Answer 25

vitamin D (will not work on its own)

Question 26

thyroid hormone is permissive for ____ hormones

Answer 26

reproductive

Question 27

two hormones can be either ____ or ____

Answer 27

synergists or antagonists

Question 28

competitive inhibitors and functional antagonists are examples of

Answer 28

antagonists

Question 29

two hormones that have counteracting effects

Answer 29

fucntional antagonist

Question 30

tamoxifen blocking the receptor for estrogen is an example of

Answer 30

competitive inhibitors

Question 31

insulin tells you to lower blood glucose while glucagin does the opposite they are

Answer 31

functional antagonists

Question 32

preprohormone that is proteolytic cleaved into a

Answer 32

prohormone

Question 33

any water soluble homrones are ___ hormones; makes them very easy to clear from body

Answer 33

free

Question 34

fat soluble proteins are bound to ____ ____; cleared less easily

Answer 34

carrier proteins

Question 35

bound proteins can't get out of bloodstream to activate ____

Answer 35

target

Question 36

functional hormone is dependent on how much free hormone there is (true or false)

Answer 36

true

Question 37

3 subunites of G protein coupled receptors

Answer 37

adenylate cyclase, phospholipase C, cyclic AMP

Question 38

kinase adds what to protein

Answer 38

phosphate

Question 39

the master gland is the

Answer 39

hypothalamus

Question 40

hypothalamus produces

Answer 40

vasopressin (ADH) and oxytocin (can also be a NT)

Question 41

the hormones produced from the hypothalamus go down to the _____ into a capillary bed

Answer 41

infundibulum

Question 42

the hormones that are produced in the hypothalamus that are released in the anterior pituitary are called ____ ___

Answer 42

releasing hormones (they stimulate anterior pituitary)

Question 42

the hypophyseal portal system makes communication between what two structures effecient

Answer 42

hypothalamus and anterior pituitary

Question 43

dopamine and stomatostatin are -____

Answer 43

inhibitory

Question 44

the primary gland gives you the hormone (effector hormone) that impacts the

Answer 44

target cell

Question 45

the secondary hormone is called the

Answer 45

tropic hormone

Question 46

a long loop is from the __ to the hypothalamus/pituitary

Answer 46

1°

Question 47

short loop feedback is from ____ to hypothalamus

Answer 47

pituitary (3°)

Question 48

often associated with tumors, increasing activity of the glands

Answer 48

hypersecretion

Question 49

outside source including medications which reduces 1° gland and may cause atrophy

Answer 49

exogenous

Question 50

may be gland malfunction or lack of nutrients, can be caused by reduced responsiveness

Answer 50

hyposecretion

Question 51

what secretes growth hormone (fluctuates release)

Answer 51

anterior pituitary

Question 52

hyposecretion of GH causes

Answer 52

dwarfism

Question 53

hypersecretion of GH causes before puberty: after puberty:

Answer 53

gigantism acromegaly

Question 54

what hormone is synergistic with GH

Answer 54

thyroid (important for fetus)

Question 55

what hormone is permissive for GH

Answer 55

insulin

Question 56

higher cortisol can lower what other hormone

Answer 56

GH

Question 57

TRH is secreted by __ ___

Answer 57

anterior pituitary

Question 58

to make thyroid follicles there is a Na/I symport whihc is ___ active transport

Answer 58

secondary

Question 59

thyroid follicles exocytosis in lumen and get attached to peptide chain with ____

Answer 59

iodine (T3 or T4; depending on number of iodide)

Question 60

T3 and T4 have to be ___

Answer 60

bound

Question 61

T4 has to be taken into target cell and coverted into

Answer 61

T3

Question 62

T3 and T4 have metabolic actions, in children it does protein ___ but in adults it does protein ___

Answer 62

catabolsim, anabolism

Question 63

hyperthyroidism is characterized by

Answer 63

weight loss and weakeness, goiter, heat intolerant, higher O2 consumption

Question 64

autoimmune disease, where immune antibodies are almosy identical to TSH and they activate the thyroid stimulating hormone causes hyperthyroidism. What is this disease?

Answer 64

Graves

Question 65

# hypothalamus--> ant. pit. ---> thyroid gland TRH ---> TSH ---> ?

Answer 65

T3 and T4

Question 66

dopamine is released from ____

Answer 66

hypothalamus

Question 67

the CRH (corticotropin release hormone) is released from where

Answer 67

hypothalamus

Question 68

from CRH the anterior pituitary can release adrenocorticotopic hormone which can release from the adrenal cortex what three hormones

Answer 68

androgens, aldosterone, and cortisol

Question 69

anabolic sterioids from adrenal cortex; important in sex development (play a big role in women and men)

Answer 69

androgens

Question 70

a glucocorticoid from adrenal cortex; stress hormone

Answer 70

cortisol

Question 71

cotisol is necessary for many functions, what are they?

Answer 71

making proteins, protect against hypoglycemia, suppresses overreaction of the immune system, brain function

Question 72

autoimmune destruction of the adrenal gland, lowers corstisol, aldosterone and androgens

Answer 72

addisons disease

Question 73

any form of hypercortisolism (primary issue)

Answer 73

cushings syndrome

Question 74

hypersecretion of anterior pituitary secretion of ACTH (2°)

Answer 74

cushings disease

Question 75

iatrogenic means

Answer 75

physician caused

Question 76

the gonadotropic (GnRH) is released from the and the anterior pituitary releases

Answer 76

hypothalamus; leuteinizing hormone (LH)

Question 77

the parathyroid hormone (PTH) is released by, whats its function

Answer 77

parathyroid; maintains Ca++ (brak down bown, renal reabsoption, vitamin D activation)

Question 78

hypocalcemia (parathyroid problem) complications

Answer 78

osteoporosis, lowered cell signaling, compromised tight junctions, coagulation, neuron excitability increased

Question 79

hypercalcemia (parathyroid issue) causes

Answer 79

lowered excitability of neurons

Question 80

the pancreas produces and releases what hormones

Answer 80

insulin, glucagon

Question 81

insulin binds tyrosine kinase; which tells the cell to take a vesicle with ______ transporters onto membrane (brings in glucose) and then it activates ____ ___

Answer 81

glut-4 ; protein synthesis

Question 82

in the liver and skeltal muscle insulin function

Answer 82

glycogen production

Question 83

in adipose tissue insulin function is

Answer 83

lipid production and storage

Question 84

if there is no insulin

Answer 84

GLUT-4 is taken back in and protein synthesis is stopped

Question 85

glucagon imapcts what organ

Answer 85

liver (cause it stores glycogen)

Question 86

glucagon functions in liver

Answer 86

glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis (makes new glucose for body) , production of ketone bodies from fatty acids (for nervous system)

Question 87

adipose tissue is an ___ ___; it regulates metabolism, body weight, inflammation

Answer 87

endocrine gland

Question 88

the heart and atrium is an ___ __; allows your body to regulate blood pressure

Answer 88

endocrine gland

Question 89

pineal gland makes and releases

Answer 89

melatonin

Question 90

two types of amine hormones

Answer 90

tryptophan and tyrosine