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Physiology > cardiac > Flashcards

cardiac Flashcards

1
Q

what is the equation for flow

A

chnage in pressure/ R (resistance)

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2
Q

_____ opposes flow

A

resistance

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3
Q

flow follows pressure gradient which means it goes from where to where

A

left ventricle –> right atrium
right ventricle —> left atrium

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4
Q

hydrostatic pressure decreases due to

A

friction

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5
Q

forward or driving pressure is strong in ______ contraction

A

ventricular

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6
Q

flow is proportional to change in _____

A

pressure

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7
Q

what factors affect resistance

A

vasoconstriction or dilation; blood viscosity (directly proportional) ; vessel length (directly proportional; longer vessel, more resistance)

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8
Q

pressure generated by ventricular contraction

A

mean arterial pressure

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9
Q

CO =

A

cardiac ouput; volume per time

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10
Q

____ maintain pressure during ventricular relaxation

A

arteries

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11
Q

MAP = ____ X ___

A

CO X R

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12
Q

what system innervates entire heart (using NE and E)

A

sympathetic

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13
Q

parasympathetic innervates _____ (primarily the atria)

A

cranial nerve (uses ACH)

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14
Q

pacemakers nodal tissues and conduction fibers; generate and conduct action potentials

A

autorhythmic cells

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15
Q

what two channels are responsible for excitation contraction coupling in T-tubules

A

voltage gated Na+ channels and L type Ca2+ channels

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16
Q

the sarcoplasmic reticulum of the cardiac muscle has

A

ryanodine receptors and Ca2+ release

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17
Q

the sarcolemma has two ATPase pumps for relaxation; what are they

A

Na/ K (3 Na out; 2 K in)
Ca/ ATPase
also a Na+ and Ca2+ exchanger (NCX)

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18
Q

what two factors impact cardiac contractility

A

force developed is proportional to # of active crossbridges
sarcomere length of onset of contraction

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19
Q

the length-tension relationship ( increased length; increased force)

A

frank-starling law of the heart

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20
Q

rapid depolarization of the ventricular myofibers is due to

A

voltage gated Na channels open

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21
Q

the plateau phase has what voltage gated channels

A

L -type Ca 2+ channels (K+ are closed) slow K+ are open

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22
Q

the ___ period in a cardiac muscle fiber lasts almost as long as the entire muscle twitch

A

refractory

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23
Q

unstable resting membrane potential uses what channels? Which channel has greater movement

A

Na+ and K+ channels; Na+ movement is larger

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24
Q

sodium channels being inactive causes

A

absolute refractory period

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25
Q

Repolarization is quickly interrupted as voltage-gated L-type calcium channels open, increasing calcium permeability and bringing positively charged calcium ions into the cell. Why is this unique?

A

Calcium has a large role in initiating AP

26
Q

Phase 4: The trace begins with a slow, incremental depolarization.

Phase 0: Incremental depolarization is followed by a rapid depolarization when the threshold is reached.

Phase 3: There is a rapid repolarization and then the incremental depolarization (Phase 4) begins again and the cycle repeats.

A

phases of pacemaker AP

27
Q

____ = pacemaker; 90-100 bpm (internodal pathway); communicate with atrial contractile cells

A

SA node

28
Q

does 25-40 bpm; transmit signals across fibrous skeleton

A

AV node

29
Q

contractile cells in the apex of the heart; help with direction of contraction

A

small purkinje fibers

30
Q

make up the atrioventricular bundle and right and left bundle branches

A

purkinje fibers

31
Q

right arm to left arm

A

lead I

32
Q

right arm to left leg

A

lead II

33
Q

left arm to left leg

A

lead III

34
Q

which lead most closely follows electrical axis of the heart

A
35
Q

current of ECG moves from

A

negative to positive

36
Q

atrial depolarization

A

P wave

37
Q

ventricular depolarization & atrial repolarization

A

QRS complex

38
Q

ventricular repolarization

A

T wave

39
Q

____ events precede ___ events

A

electrical; mechanical

40
Q

systole = ____ and ____

A

contraction and emptying

41
Q

valves from atrium to ventricle

A

atrioventricular

42
Q

when atrial pressure is greater the ventricular pressure the AV valves ___

A

open (ventricles relax)

43
Q

ventricles to great artery

A

semilunar valves

44
Q

as the ventricles contract the pressure in the ventricles exceeds pressure in the arteries; what valves are open?

A

semilunar

45
Q

the final filling (20%) of the ventricles gives what sound

A

S4

46
Q

during atrial depolarization and systole, the atria are _____ and _____

A

contracting and emptyinh

47
Q

during ventricular depolarization and systole, the ventricles are in

A

isovolumetric contraction

48
Q

the first heart sound S1 happens when AV valves are

A

closed

49
Q

during early ventricular diastole the ventricles are in

A

isovolumetric relaxation

50
Q

the second S2 sound happens when SL valves are

A

closed

51
Q

passive filling of ventricles is represented by what heart sound

A

S3

52
Q

volume of blood ejected by the ventricular system

A

stroke volume

53
Q

volume of blood at the end of ventricular diastole

A

end diastolic volume

54
Q

SV = ?

A

EDV-ESV

55
Q

CO (cardiac output) =

A

HR x SV

56
Q

the ____ is in charge of tonic control of the SA rate and HR

A

parasympathetic

57
Q

three factors for regulation of stroke volume

A

length, sympathetic input to ventricles , afterload

58
Q

ejection fraction (EF) = SV/EDV

A
59
Q

the ____ is what you have to work against in aorta

A

afterload

60
Q

rapid but regular SA rate and atrial contraction but relatively normal ventricular contractions

A

atrial flutter

61
Q
A

Physiology (19 decks)

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