Ch.6 & Ch.7 Flashcards
(142 cards)
1
Q
sensory neuron to motor neuron
A
monosynaptic
2
Q
sensory neuron to interneuron to motor neuron
A
polysynaptic
3
Q
primary somatic sensory cortex is where
A
parietal
4
Q
sensory association areas bring ____ from many other systems and integrate
A
sensory information
5
Q
primary visual cortex and visual association area
A
occipital
6
Q
primary auditory cortex and association area
A
temporal lobe
7
Q
primary motor cortex, motor association, prefrontal association
A
frontal lobe
8
Q
gustatory cortex
A
insula
9
Q
language and verbal side of brain
A
left
10
Q
spatial side of brain
A
right
11
Q
understanding of the sensation/ stimulus
A
sensory perception
12
Q
transduction happens in pns or cns
A
pns
13
Q
transmission happens in cns or pns
A
cns
14
Q
interpretation happens where
A
cns
15
Q
conversion of stimulus into electrical language
A
transduction
16
Q
somatic motor system with cerebellum and basal ganglia has to do with which motor output
A
skeletal muscle movements
17
Q
hypothalamus and autonomic system are involved in motor output within the ____ system
A
neuroendocrine (motor output)
18
Q
medulla, hypothalamus, and automatic system
A
visceral responses (motor output)
19
Q
hypothalamus and reticular activating system regulates
A
consciousness
20
Q
EEG measures graded potential in __ cells
A
pyramidal cells
21
Q
brain activity is measures in __ and _
A
time and mV
22
Q
high amplitude means all the ppyr. cells are _____ firing and many neurons active (doing IPSP and EPSP at same time)
A
synchronous
23
Q
higher frequency (number of waves) means higher state of ______
A
alertness
24
Q
your cells should be firing _____ during alert times, pyramidal cells should be independent
A
asynchronously
25
what are the two awake waves; what is the prominent awake wave
beta, alpha; beta
26
attention to an external stimulus, active thinking (busy brain) eyes open
beta (desynchronized)
27
awake, relaxes, eyes closed (synchronized)
alpha
28
from beta to alpha
increase amplitude, decrease frequency
29
drowsiness, sleep, relaxed (synchronized)
theta
30
slow wave sleep, some continuous attention tasks
delta
31
nonrapid eye movement; initial is drowsiness and light sleep (alpha and theta) what stage?
N1
32
non REM decreased sensitivity to stimuli, theta waves interrupted by sleep spindles, what stage
N2
33
paradoxical sleep with beta like rhythm; decreased muscle tone except eyes and respiratory
rapid eye movement
34
REM is also referred to stage __
R
35
sleep apnea occurs in what stage of sleep
R
36
what is the sleep cycle
stage 1 --> stage 2 ----> stage 3 ----> stage 2 -----> R
37
non rem sleep is important for ____ and release of
rest and growth hormones
38
dreaming, stimulate areas of brain used for learning, thinking, and organizing: what type of sleep
REM
39
hypothalamus is in charge of what tyoe of sleep
non rem
40
what is responsible for rem sleep
reticular activating system
41
___ and ____ NT are active in wake periods
NE and serotonin
42
___ neurons are active in REM
cholinergic
43
_____ NT are active in NREM sleep
GABA
44
when GABA neurons become active then _____ is inhibited and allows you to sleep
histamine
45
when NE and seratonin are inhibited then ____ can cause rem sleep
cholinergic
46
the more receptors bound to ____ (derivative of ADP) the more sleepy we get
adenosine
47
caffeine is an _____ mimic it is a competitor; binds to receptors
adenosine
48
caffeine activates ____ which triggers the adrenal medulle to release epinephrine (Adrenaline)
pituiatry
49
caffeine causes you to release more _____
dopamine
50
what three structures help to responds with emotional behavior
hypothalamus, limbic amygdala and cerebral cortex integration
51
your inner feelings activate
limbic system
52
behavior to promote homeostasis (hungry, eat)
primary motivated behavior
53
behavior to reflect preferences, involves choice
secondary motivated behavior
54
perceived state of being
persistent inner emotions
55
depressed acitvity in limbic system and prefrontal cortex
depression
56
exogenous or reactive depression are in response to a trauma
secondary depression
57
desired behavior ---> reward
associative learning
58
repitition of a single stimulus
non-associative learning
59
decrease in response (non-associative learning)
habituation
60
amplification of response (non-associative learning)
sensitization
61
ability to store and retrieve learned material
memory
62
is how we make memories and access the set of neurons we've committed to remembering that.
memory trace
63
short term memory is called ___ ___ (7-12 items)
working memory
63
____ converts short term to long term
consolidation
64
alzheimers disease is a protein disease where the ____ neurons are lost
cholinergic
65
language is where (syntax, grammar, and meaning)
left hemisphere
66
left hemisphere damage in early childhood
language development can be transferred to right
67
responsible for comprehending language; integration of visual and auditory input
wernickes
68
intrgration of motor action happens where (speaking of words is disrupted); expressive aphasia
brocas
69
inarticulate speech with poor syntax, person recognizes mistakes
expressive aphasia (brocas)
70
when someone with damage to wernickes they speak gibberish. why?
because they cannot understand or comprehend what you said or what they say
71
disrupted basic cognitive processes; hallucinations, delusions
schizophrenia (excess dopamine)
72
stimulus to receptor to transmission to integration this is
sensory response
73
transmission involves what
primary, secondary and tertiary sensory neurons
74
cerebral cortex to conscious perception is
integration
75
pain, temperature and olfaction are structures with
free nerve endings
76
touch, pressure and vibration have ____ receptive ends
specialized
77
there is no action potential in ____ receptors
sensory
78
visceral receptors are in
organs
79
muscles spindles and osmoreceptors are
mechanoreceptors
80
receptors job is
transduction (converting stimulus to electrical stimulus)
81
transduction uses two receptors what are they?
ionotropic and metabtropic
82
adequate stimulus is just the right amount to activate ____
receptor
83
threshold stimulus is a stimulus which gets ___ __
action potential
84
tonic receptors continue to send signal they are _____
slow
85
phasic receptors, respond at beginning and end of stimuli they are ____
rapid
86
a field that one neuron is in charge of
primary receptive field
87
1:1 ratio of primary and secondary neurons; chnace of convergence is what recepive field
secondary
88
what structures do unconscious sensory integration
spinal cord and brainstem
89
the visceral reflexes go to
medulla
90
the olfaction sense doesn't go to ____; instead it goes
thalamus; limbic system
91
the CNS can filter what we perceive and something that sends action potentials can not read _____ for being recognized
threshold (can change often)
92
______ are the specifics of our sensory modalities
submodalities
93
ex. modality: temperature; submodality: ?
hot and cold
94
labeled line coding helps with identification of ____; tells brain where a stimulus goes in the brain (direct connection between receptor and where it is perceived in brain)
stimulus
95
increase the number of activated receptors increases what
detected intensity of stimulus
96
recruitment or popultion coding has to do with
of receptors stimulated
97
frequency coding is direcrly propotion to
stimulus intensity
98
stimulus intensity doesn't determine strength of action potential why?
they are all or none (all action potentials are the same)
99
phantom limb pains is activated by convergence on a ___ neuron
2° (effect of topograpical organization)
100
sound takes longer to get to one ear than the other depending on where stimulus is
interaural time difference
101
stimulus which will activate mult. sensory fields, all the 1° neurons will fire NT but neuron which is directly affected will be strongest
population coding
102
axoaxonic inhibition; the NT at stimulus axon (2°) is inhibitory which inhibits NT down pathway
lateral inhibition
103
thermoreceptors have what type of nerve endings
free
104
what structure controls core temp.
hypothalamus
105
TPR (transient receptor potential) channels are for ____
TEMP
106
TPR channels are non specific for _____
cations (meaning Na and K can both move through; Na will move more)
107
polymodal neurons for ____ temperatures = pain
extreme
108
TRPA1 (temp receptor) codes for
burning cold
109
TRPV1 and TRPV2 temp. receptors
noxious heat
110
some thermoreceptors are ____ gated
ligand
111
ligand gated temp channels
cold: TRPM8 (menthol); hot: TRPV1 & TRPV2 (capsacin: masks pain); (ethanol)
112
nociceptors have ____ ____ endings
free nerve
113
what chemicals produced in the body respond to cell damage (inflammatory soup)
K+, histamine, prostaglandins, bradykinins, seratonin
NT: substance P & GLU
114
where is conscious sensation of pain and itch
cerebral cortex
115
emotional responses to pain
limbic system
116
117
autonomic responses, sympathetic system
hypothalamus
118
Don't have itch in ___, it is stimulated by release of _____
organs; histamine
119
quick pain but declines when stimulus is removed
acute pain
120
longer, lasting. pain depends on cause
chronic
121
pain from organs, poor localization
visceral pain
122
excess ___ enhances pain especially in skeletal muscle
K+
123
A delta fibers are for ___ pain
slow
124
temperature, chemical, mechanical pain are what cns fibers
C
125
how many neurons in pain pathway
first, second, third
126
___ order neuron picks up stimulus
first
127
in pain pathway the first order neuron synapses with second order where
spinal cord
128
second order neuron always ___
decussates
129
third order neuron for pain goes to ___ and somatosensoty cortex
thalamus
130
increased sensitivity to stimulus (pain)
hyperalgesia
131
analgesic drugs block ___ pathways
Na (because Na being opened gives you graded potential to get to action potential (no pain signal))
132
what does axoaxonic inhibition descending pain pathway neurons;
endogenous opioids
133
when there is no pain the ___ ____ blocks pain pathway
inhibitory interneuron
134
when there is pain the __ ___ stops the inhbitory interneuron from blocking pain pathway allowing pain throuhg
C fiber
135
the ___ ____ mechanical fiber will tell inhibitory interneuron to continue to work and less of a pain signal is sent
alpha beta
136
the receptor and destination in brain of somatosensory pathways are ipsilateral or contralateral
contralateral
137
what is the dorsal column pathway
1° neuron goes to medulla, from medulla the second order neuron decussated to thalamus and 3° neuron goes to somatosensory cortex
138
pathway that handles fine touch, vibration, precise pressure (discriminatory touch)
dorsal column
139
the anterolateral spinothalamic pathway goes where
1° neuron starts in spinal cord, from spinal cord 2 order neuron will decussate at spinal cord and go to thalamus, the third order neuron goes to somatosensory
140
what pathway handles light and crude touch
anterior spinothalamic
141
pain and temperature what pathway
lateral spinothalamic
