Ch.2 Flashcards
(112 cards)
1
Q
Hollow organs have cavities called
A
lumens
2
Q
internal lumans are lined with _____; external lumens are lined with ____
A
endothelium; epithelium
3
Q
basic functions of the cell membrane
A
isolates, communicates, regulates exchange, structure and support
4
Q
what type of molecules are able to move along the phospholipid bilayer
A
small, nonpolar molecules
5
Q
nonpolar = hydrophobic or hydrophillic
A
hydrophobic
6
Q
a liposome has heads pointing towards the outside and inside, what molecules could be stored inside a liposome
A
a polar molecule
7
Q
a micelle is a circular lipid bi layer with hydrophobic tails on inside, what type of molecules could be stored there
A
non polar molecules
8
Q
cholesterol is hydrophobic or hydrophilic
A
hydrophobic
9
Q
many integral proteins are ____, go from one side of the membrane to the other
A
trans
10
Q
transmembrane proteins are _____
A
amphipathic
11
Q
peripheral proteins sit on the ____ of the membrane
A
surface
12
Q
integral proteins typically run through ____ membrane
A
whole
13
Q
glycocalyx are composed of
A
glycoproteins and glycolipids
14
Q
increased fluidity, it ____ the membrane integrity
A
decreases
15
Q
with high temperature the membrane fluidity _____
A
increases
16
Q
with more unsaturated fats, the fluidity of the membrane _____
A
increases
17
Q
with saturated fats, membrane fluidity ______
A
decreases
18
Q
at regular temperature, more cholesterol will cause fluidity to _____
A
decrease
19
Q
cold temperature with more cholesterol, fluidity ____
A
increases
20
Q
all living things arise from living things, all cells come from other cells
A
cell theory
21
Q
synthesis or condensation reactions is taking small parts and putting them together which ____ energy
A
stores
22
Q
hydrolysis is taking a molecule and breaking it down which ____ energy
A
releases
23
Q
proton and neutron location
A
nucleus
24
Q
electron location
A
orbit
25
share electrons to fill outer shell
covalent bonds
26
the polarity (seperation of charge) of covalently bonded molecules are based upon
evenness of electron sharing
27
non covalent bonds
ionic, hydrogen, van der waals
28
non-specific attraction between one atoms nucleus and another atoms electrons
van der waals forces
29
transfer of electrons, cation and anion
ionic bonds
30
water is polar covalent, most lipids are ____
non polar, covalent
31
something lipophobic will or will not dissolve in water
will
32
carbonic acid gives off a __ and becomes bicarbonate
hydrogen
33
accept an H+ or release a free OH-
bases
34
help you maintain constant ph
buffer
35
acid buffers are ____ that bind H+
anions
36
what would a base buffer do
bind OH- or give off H to keep pH from going to high
37
Which of the following best describes the pathway of protein synthesis through the endomembrane system?
ER → transport vesicle → Golgi → transport vesicle → plasma membrane
38
Disulfide bridges can be found in which level(s) of protein organization?
tertiary structure
39
Which membrane component(s) will cause the membrane to become more rigid at normal body temperature?
phospholipids with saturated tails
40
N-linked glycosylation will occur in the ______ which causes the protein to ______.
ER, be secreted out of the cell
41
are able to move within the cell and serve as both the reception and response agents,
nucleur receptors
42
actually permit the entrance of ions to generate an immediate response
ionotrpoic
43
the receptor is embedded in the cell membrane; neither the signal nor the receptor can enter the cytoplasm. In order to propagate a signal and create a response, the signal must be received, the message must be transduced within the cytoplasm by a cascade of proteins, and finally a response can be elicited
metabotropic
44
nucleic acid monomer unit
nucleotides
45
proteins monomer unit
amino acids
46
carbohydrate monomer unit
monosaccharide
47
atp is composed of
adenine, ribose and phosphate
48
purines
adenine, guanine
49
pyrimidines
thymine, cytosine, uracil
50
examples of small, non polar solutes
oxygen, carbon dioxide, steroid hormones
51
examples of large polar solutes
carbohydrates, proteins, charged ions
52
water is equivalent across a membrane
osmotic equilibrium (equal conc. does not mean equal volume)
53
force required to prevent osmosis
osmotic pressure
54
osmolarity = molarity x _____
number of osmoles
55
what is the cell referance value for milliosmoles
300
56
penetrating + non-penetrating solutes =
osmolarity
57
non-penetrating solutes =
tonicity
58
pressure gradient drives the flow w/in compartment
| motion of the fluid from area of high pressure to area of low pressure
bulk flow
59
examples of bulk flow
respiratory, cardiovascular, renal
60
what proteins allow things through that cannot get through the mebrane (polarity and charge)
integral proteins (transmembrane)
61
channels specifically for water
aquaporin
62
like ____ like when it comes to open channels and ions
repels
63
three type of gated channels
voltage, ligand, mechanically gated
64
a carrier protein requires ____ to what they are carrying
binding
65
carrier proteins have what two characteristics
conformational change and chemical specificity
66
carrier proteins are active in
facilitated diffusion and active transport
67
primary active transport is defined by direct ____ use
ATP
68
3 Na+ load onto binding sites, ATP is used and a conformational change occurs opening the pump to outside (ATP----> ADP) Na+ are released into environment, 2 K+ binds and phosphate from ATP is released and confirmation returns
69
indirect ATP use, using an established ion gradient
secondary active transport
70
similiar solutes can be transported by the same protein, which causes lower rate of transport for the target molecule; what is this?
competition
71
_____ a competitive inhibitor that binds to the GLUT transporter but is not itself carried across the membrane (takes binding site cause loss of function for carrier protein)
maltose
72
transport can reach a maximum rate when all binding sites are ___
saturated
73
cystic fibrosis transmembrane regulator allows what to pass through
Cl-
74
the cl- in cystic fibrosis do not get moved into the cell, so Na+ and water will not follow into the cell. The mucus will build up on the cilia because of it
75
endocytosis is referred to as, creates a ___ and is non selective
cell drinking, vesicle
76
endocytosis that is selective and uses a ligand and receptor
receptor mediated endocytosis
77
The secretory vesicles contain v-SNAREs which will associate with t-SNAREs on the target ______.
membrane
78
changes in membrane potential (cell-cell communication)
electrical signal
79
membrane potentials can be both within a cell or from ____ - ____
cell - cell
80
secretion of chemicals into ECF (hormones, insulin) ; paracrine and autocrine agents
chemical signals
81
contact dependent signals, gap junctions
local communication
82
cell membrane surface molecules use cell ____ molecules
adhesion
83
gap junctions do both electrical signals and chemical signals, if a ___ forms between two cells it can go directly through from one cell to another
connexion
84
(local communication) secreting cell is a target cell
autocrine
85
(local communication) other cells are target cells
paracrine
86
(long distance communication) two big systems
endocrine and nervous
87
neurotransmitters are signal molecules called
neurocrine
88
impacts what happens at axon that released it; type of NT
neuromodulator
89
go into bloodstream when they are released; type of NT
neurohormone
90
class of regulatory proteins not hormones
cytokines
91
cytokines are made on demand by ____ cells
nucleated (need DNA to make these)
92
cytokines do ____ and long distance signals
local
93
what pathway causes a metabolic response inside the cell
metabotropic
94
the signaling molecule (ligand) in metabotropic is called a ____ to a receptor. This first process is called
first messenger, reception
95
# what is this second step called of metabotropic signaling?
using a 2nd messenger (signal amplification) often the activation is due to phosphorylation by kinase
transduction
96
the last step of metabotropic signaling is an affected target ____
protein
97
The goal of metabotropic signaling is to alter or activate ___ within a cell to get a response
proteins
98
a kinase that is part of the receptor protein, integral protein
intrinsic kinase
99
____ kinase phosphorylates protein within the cell, causes ATP to transfer a phosphate to a protein (metabotropic)
tyrosine
100
receptor protein linked to _ protein, in g- protein metabotropic pathway
G
101
G protein has two functions, what are they?
open membrane ion channel, alter enzyme function in the cytosol
102
alter structure of cytoskeleton, activate intracellular enzymes (metabotropic)
integrins
103
rapid response, short term pathway
ionotropic
104
ionotropic is a ____ gated ion channel, entrance of ions alters cell acitivity and _____ potential
ligand, membrane
105
____ activates v snare proteins
Ca 2+
106
internal receptors/ signal pathway are called
nuclear signal
107
signal pathway has a slower response but longer term and may be amplified
nucleur
108
nuclear has two phases, reception and response. The messenger should be ____ or ____
hydrophobic or lipophillic (usually a hormone)
109
what is the response of nuclear pathway
target transcription factors for protein synthesis
110
different receptor ____ elicit different responses with the same ligand
isoforms
111
alpha adrenergic receptor with epinephrine there is? but with beta adrenergic receptor with epinephrine there is ?
vasoconstriction (alpha)
vasodilation (beta)
112
4 ways to terminate signal pathway
enzymatic hydrolysis, diffusion, re-uptake, endocytosis of the receptor
