Ch. 4

Question 1

opposite charges ___, like charges ___

Answer 1

attract, repel

Question 2

overall the bodies charge is

Answer 2

neutral

Question 3

calcium, chloride and sodium are higher concentration inside or outside?

Answer 3

outside

Question 4

the bigger the difference between concentration inside and outside makes a larger _____

Answer 4

gradient

Question 5

both sodium and potassium have pumps and ___ channels

Answer 5

leak (allow them to freely move)

Question 7

potassium had permability of

Answer 7

1 (most permeable)

Question 8

sodium has permability of

Answer 8

0.04

Question 9

chloride has permability of

Answer 9

0.45

Question 10

what is resting membrane potential

Answer 10

-70mV

Question 11

when the cell is at rest voltage gated channels can act as ___ channels

Answer 11

leak

Question 12

NT are made in the __ __ (nucleus, ER, golgi)

Answer 12

cell body

Question 13

there are two types of axonal transport

Answer 13

slow and fast

Question 14

the fast axonal transport uses _____ to deliver NT

Answer 14

anterograde

Question 15

using fast axonal stransport vesicles are recycled via

Answer 15

retrograde transport

Question 16

graded potential are triggered by information input from ____ neuron

Answer 16

outside

Question 17

graded potentials happen where

Answer 17

dendrites and cell body

Question 18

graded potential ions

Answer 18

Na+, K+ and Ca+ (usually sodium)

Question 19

there are three possible effects on membrane potential from a graded potential

Answer 19

depolarizing, hyperpolarizing, repolarizing

Question 20

for a _____ potential there is no minimum strength required to intiate

Answer 20

graded

Question 21

with a graded potential the goal is to get to ____

Answer 21

threshold (-55mV)

Question 22

two stimuli in close succession of time

Answer 22

temporal summation

Question 23

stimuli are separated in space but at same time

Answer 23

spatial summation

Question 24

EPSP of 30 and IPSP of 40, what is resting membrane potential

Answer 24

-80mV

Question 25

in ___ potentials it is local and only spreads within the neuron (not propogated) gets weaker over time

Answer 25

graded

Question 26

types of channels in action potential

Answer 26

voltage gated

Question 27

an ____ potential is only depolarizing

Answer 27

action

Question 28

action potentials only move in ___ direction

Answer 28

one; new action potential initiated in each segment of axon

Question 29

action potential: when the membrane is depolarizing what is moving into cell (30mV)

Answer 29

Na+ (EPSP)

Question 30

the voltage gated Na channels can have what confirmations

Answer 30

closed open inactive

Question 31

Sodium is following its chemical and electrical gradient when it ____ the cell

Answer 31

depolarizes

Question 32

the voltage gated K+ channels have two confirmations

Answer 32

open and closed

Question 33

in repolarization the sodium channel is, at resting it is

Answer 33

inactive, closed

Question 34

potassium doesnt open until _____ (slow) and stay open until hyperpolarization

Answer 34

overshoot

Question 35

until you reach threshold the graded potential channels are typically ____ gated

Answer 35

ligand

Question 36

the refractory periods have two functions

Answer 36

limit # of action potentials, one-way propagation

Question 37

An absolute refractory period means

Answer 37

there cannot be another action potential no matter what

Question 38

what does a relative refractory period mean

Answer 38

a larger than normal stimulus is needed to start action potential

Question 39

the larger the diameter of an axon the ___ the action potential

Answer 39

faster

Question 40

you only have voltage gated ion channels at the ___ ___ __

Answer 40

nodes of ranvier

Question 41

electrical synapse are a ____ transfer of charge because of __ ___

Answer 41

direct, gap junction

Question 42

electrical synapse has unirdirectional or bidirectional synapse

Answer 42

bidirectional

Question 43

chemical synapse is an ___ transfer of action potential using what and are unidirectional

Answer 43

indirect, neurotransmitter

Question 44

a ___ has a direct effect on signal transmission and can be excitatory or inhibitory

Answer 44

NT

Question 45

receptor that is ligand gated, fast and ion specific

Answer 45

ionotropic

Question 46

receptor that is slow and g-protein coupled

Answer 46

metabotropic

Question 47

the active zone of an axon terminal has what (preynaptic cell)

Answer 47

synaptic neurotransmitter vesicles and voltage gated Ca+ channels

Question 48

the more ___ you let in the more NT you let out at presynaptic cell

Answer 48

calcium

Question 49

the postsynaptic cell has

Answer 49

NT receptors and breakdown enzymes

Question 50

the NT can be removed how

Answer 50

uptake, diffusion away from cleft, chemically inactivated

Question 51

monoamine oxidase is an enzyme that breaks down what

Answer 51

monoamine

Question 52

what are modifications that can be done at the synapse

Answer 52

amount of Ca in cell, neurotransmitter production, global or general inhibition: IPSP, and selective inhibition

Question 53

global inhibition means

Answer 53

shut down whole neuron

Question 54

selective inhibition

Answer 54

there is axoaxonic synapse that is blocking one of the targets

Question 55

what toxin blocks NT release (inhibits SNARE) to inhibitory neurons, causes severe muscle contractions

Answer 55

clostridium tetani

Question 56

blocks NT release to excitatory neurons, reduces muscle contractions

Answer 56

clostridium botulinum

Question 57

disease binds to ACh receptors but doesn't open ion channels, decrease muscle action

Answer 57

curare

Question 58

inactive Ache; continued presence of Ach and loss of sensitivity

Answer 58

nerve gas