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Blood Flashcards

(79 cards)

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1
Q

What differentiates mammalian red blood cells from avian red blood cells?

A

Avian blood cells are nucleated

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2
Q

What allows cells to change direction?

A

Chemotaxis

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3
Q

What can changes in RBC morphology indictae?

A

blood loss, toxin exposure, involvement of specific organs

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4
Q

What can altered WBC morphology indicate?

A

Acute inflammation, keukemia

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5
Q

What is the structure of blood?

A

Highly cellular with a fluid extracellular matrix

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6
Q

What is the fluid makeup?

A

Plasma is made of 91% water, 7-8% proteins and 1-2% electrolytes

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7
Q

What is serum?

A

The fluid portion remaining after coagulation

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8
Q

What blood proteins are produced by the liver?

A

Fibrinogens for blood clotting, albumins, globulins

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9
Q

What proteins are produced by plasma cells and lymphocytes?

A

immunoglobulins (antibodies)

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10
Q

What is the normal level of plasma proteins?

A

5.7 - 7 g/dl
albumin: 2.4 - 3.6 g/dl
Globulins 2.1 - 4.6 g/dl

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11
Q

What is PCV?

A

Hematocrit: the % of blood occupied by red blood cells

This is related to the number and size of red blood cells

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12
Q

What is the normal PCV (Hematocrit)?

A

~45% of blood volume
Canines (37-55%)
Felins (24-45%)
Males are higher than females

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13
Q

What is the buffy coat?

A

The thin, superficial layer containing WBCs and platelets in the centrifuged blood sample

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14
Q

What are romanovsky stains?

A

Methylene blue and eosin

Nuclei stain more reddish

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15
Q

Where should you examine a blood smear?

A

Towards the end but before cells are clumped and torn

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16
Q

How large are red blood cells?

A

4-8 microm

No nucleus or organelles

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17
Q

What does a red blood cell consist of?

A

Cell membrane and hemoglobin

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18
Q

What does hemoglobin consist of?

A

Four polypeptide chains attached to iron-containing heme groups

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19
Q

How long do red blood cells circulate?

A

120 days then removed by spleen macrophages

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20
Q

How many RBCs die per hour?

A

100 million per hour per lb of body weight

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21
Q

If the spleen is removed, what removes RBCs?

A

Bone marrow

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22
Q

What is the volume of hemoglobin in canine erythrocytes?

A

12 - 18 g/dl

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23
Q

How many red blood cells does a dog have?

A

5.5 - 8.5 * 10^6 RBC/dl

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24
Q

What is the mean corpuscular volume of the canine?

A

60.6 - 77 fl

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25
What is the mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration?
32 - 36 g/dl
26
Do young animals have more or less hematocrit than mature animals?
Lower hematocrit due to rapidly expanding vascular space Young animals also have high lymphocytecounts, more RBC anisocytosis, polychromasia and nucleated RBCs due to replacing fetal RBCs with adult RBCs
27
What blood changes occur during excited or vigorously exercised patients?
High lymphocyte counts
28
What is stress leukogram?
High WBC count can be due to stress or exercise
29
What is anemia?
Too little hemoglobin
30
Is anemia a disease?
No, it is a symptom of increased RBC loss or decreased/ineffective RBC production
31
What is poikilocytosis?
Variations in cell shapes
32
What is anisocytosis?
Variations in cell size
33
WHat 3 classifications exist for RBCs?
Normocytic, macrocytic or microcytic
34
What species is uniform microcytosis normal?
Akitas and goats
35
What species is macrocytosis or anisocytosis normal?
Neonates
36
What is polychromasia?
Reticulocytes Variation in color Usually describes the appearance of large, juvenile, blue staining, polychromatophilic macrocytes.
37
What are some inclusions in RBCs?
``` Basophilic stippling (aggregated ribosomes) Howell-Jolly bodies (nuclear remnants) Heinz bodies (oxidized hemoglobin) ```
38
Why are WBCs considered transient?
They function primarily outside the vascular system WBCs become defensive cells when they enter connective, lymphatic or bone marrow tissue
39
Name the granulocytes
Neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils
40
Name the arganulocytes
Lymphocytes and monocytes
41
What are granulocytes?
Cells that have bi- or multi-lobed nuclei ,cytoplasmic specific and non-specific granules Granules are secretory vesicles and lysosomes
42
What are cells named after?
How granules of the cell stain
43
Are all granulocytes are phagocytic?
Yes. Neutrophil is best phagocyte
44
What is a heterophil?
Birds form of neutrophil
45
Whats the % of WBC in blood?
Typically 60 - 70%
46
Describe neutrophil
``` Highly segmented (3-5 nuclei) Light granules that don't stain Phagocytose bacteria and substances ```
47
Describe the granules of the neutrophil
Specific granules: antibacterial agent | Azurophilic granules: Lysosomes
48
Where are neutrophils formed?
Bone marrow then circulate, marginate and migrate
49
What is the circulating pool?
PMNs that circulate transiently (6-8 hours), these cells are present in blood sample
50
What is the marginating pool?
PMNs that are stuck to vessel walls.
51
What is the ratio of marginated neutrophils to circulating neutrophils?
1:1
52
What cells are responsible for producing pus?
Neutrophils migrate to tissue, phagocytose stuff, and produce pus
53
Describe eosinophils
Rare. Circulate for minutes to a couple hours Increase with parasitic and allergic conditions Bi-lobed nucleus with specific pink granules
54
What are the functions of eosinophils?
Phagcytose, especially antigen-antibody complexes Kill parasitic larvae by releasing granules containing hydrolytic enzymes Counteract the action of histamine and inhibit mast cell degranulation (eosinophils are attracted by substances released from basophil and mast cells)
55
Describe basophils
Very rare except rabbits and fowl | Large cell with a lobed nucleus that is ribbon-like. Specific granules that stain blue-gray or purple with basic dyes
56
What are the functions of basophils?
Similar to mast cell Hypersensitivity and anaphylaxis. IgE on surface causes the release of histamine and heparin granules after reacting with an antigen
57
How do basophils modulate inflammatory responses?
Basophils synthesize cytokines that initiate or modulate the response. Histamine plays a role in hypersensitivity reactions like hives, anaphylaxis and acute allergy
58
What is the cause of basophilia?
Persistent basophil count of 200+/ul Allergy and hypersensitivity (usually accompanied by increased eosinophils) Parasites that have significant tissue contact Basophilic leukemia (extremely rare) myeloproliferative neoplasm
59
What are mast cells?
Rare in peripheral blood Round to oval central nucleus Numerous purple granules that may obscure the nucleus
60
What are lymphocytes
12-30% of WBCs lymphocytes decrease with age and increase with viral infection Most abundant WBC in ruminant, pig, fowl
61
Describe characteristics of lymphocytes
Dark, round nucleus Little to no basophilic cytoplasm Small lymphocytes predominate circulation and large lymphocytes are activated B cells or natural killer cells
62
What is the main function of the lymphocyte?
Main cell of the immune system, antibodies
63
What is a monocyte?
3-10% WBCs Largest WBC Indented, tri-lobed or horseshoe nucleus Precursor of mononuclear phagocyte system
64
Where are monocytes found?
In transit from bone marrow to body tissues Monocytes remain in the blood for 3 days
65
What is a platelet?
Non-nucleated cytoplasmic fragment of megakaryocyte
66
What is the lifespan and size of a platelet?
Lifespan ~10 days Size 2-3 microns Often occur in clumps in blood smears and nucleated in birds
67
What is the function of platelets?
Plugs for vascular damaged, blood clotting, clot retraction, clot dissolution, factors for vascular repair
68
What does the platelet cytoplasm consist of?
Granules (lysosomes, peroxisomes, dense granules, alpha granules) Most organelles that are found in other cells
69
What is the normal platelet count?
200-500 * 10^3 ul
70
Describe a clot
Aggregation of platelets, fibrin and entrapped blood cells
71
What is a thrombosis?
Clotting within a blood vessel
72
What is a embolus?
Piece of a blood clot
73
What are triggers for blood clots?
Endothelial damage, sluggish blood flow, changes in blood cells, systemic or metabolic disease
74
What are the characteristics of avian blood?
Oval, nucleated RBCs (same in amphibians, fish) Heterophils (rod-shaped, acidophilic granules) More common basophils Thrombocytes are nucleated and small and may resemble lymphocytes
75
Characteristics of canine blood
Leptocytes (target cells, decreased volume so cell membrane has folds) Eosinophils have granules that vary in size, number and staining intensity, vacuolated cytoplasm (especially in greyhounds) Basophils have translucent cytoplasm
76
Characteristics of feline blood
Howell-Jolly bodies are normal in 1% of RBCs Heinz bodies are normal in up to 10% of RBCs May see nucleated RBCs in peripheral blood Basophils stain light lavender or mauve
77
Characteristics of equine blood
Prominent rouleaux formation (stacking of RBCs) Howell-Jolly bodies normal in 1% of RBCs Eosinophils have extremely large granules
78
Characteristic of bovine blood
More lymphocytes than neutrophils Neutrophils have acidophilic granules and one lobe connected to main nucleus Eosinophils have C-shaped nucleus
79
Characteristics of porcine blood
Neutrophils are dark-staining with coiled nucleus and lobes connected by strictures Eosinophils are heavily granulated and obscure the nucleus Basophils have coccoid or dumbbell shaped granules

Cell Biology (20 decks)

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