Epithelium Flashcards
(124 cards)
1
Q
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum is responsible for
A
Protein assembly, secretory granules, ribosomes
2
Q
Ribosomes stain
A
dark
3
Q
Golgi Apparatus
A
packages molecules to vesicles
4
Q
Basal bodies
A
formed from centrioles with cylindrical microtubules
5
Q
Peroxisomes
A
break down long chain FAs and H2O2
6
Q
What are microfilaments made of?
A
Actin
7
Q
What are microtubules made of?
A
Tubulin
8
Q
What do chief cells release?
A
Pepsinogen
9
Q
What do parietal cells release?
A
Gastric acid to change pepsinogen to pepsin
10
Q
What color do parietal cells stain?
A
Pink with a dark nucleus (fried egg)
11
Q
What color do chief cells stain?
A
Dark and located next to parietal cells
12
Q
Are pale staining nuclei more or less active than dark staining nuclei?
A
More active
13
Q
What organelle stains pink?
A
Mitochondria
14
Q
What effect does mucus have on the nucleus?
A
It displaces the nucleus to the edge of the cell and creates a pyramidal cell
15
Q
What is a defining characteristic of the plasma cell?
A
The golgi apparatus does not stain and contrasts the nucleus
16
Q
Why do plasma cells stain blue?
A
The production of antibodies by ribosomes
17
Q
Polymorphonucleur cell
A
Neutrophil
18
Q
What type of microfilaments are in microvilli
A
Actin filaments
19
Q
How do you determine microvilli under a microscope
A
It is a shiny brush border
20
Q
What are cilia made of?
A
Tublin, microtubules
21
Q
What surface modification is a basal body?
A
CIlia
22
Q
Which is a more active nucleus? Round or elongated?
A
Round
23
Q
If a nucleus stains dark, what is it composed of?
A
Heterochromatic (compressed DNA)
24
Q
What color does euchromatic nuclei stain?
A
Lighter than heterochromatic
25
What are cell inclusions?
Temporary structures that accumulate inside the cell
26
Name types of cell inclusions
Lipids, crystals, pigment
27
What causes vacuoles in stains?
Lipids and glycogen don't stain and leave empty spaces
28
What color does melanin stain?
Brown
29
Describe prophase
DNA is jumbled and not separaed
30
Describe Metaphase
Chromosome are lined along the center
31
Describe Anaphase
Chromosomes are beginning to separate to opposite sides
32
Describe Telophase
Cleavage furrow appears
33
What are artifacts?
Human made or method-dependent results that appear part of the cell but are not
34
Name possible artifacts
Shrinkage, knife marks, folds and tears, separation of cells, dissolution of lipids (inclusion)
35
Where is endoderm located?
Digestive tract, glands, and respiratory tissue
36
Where is mesoderm located?
Muscle and connective tissues, genitourinary and circulatory system
37
Where is ectoderm located?
Nervous tissue, epithelium of the skin and epidermis, connective tissue of the head
38
What is the purpose of epithelium?
To line and cover the surface of all organs
39
What are the surface modifications?
Microvilli, cilia, stereocilia
40
Where is the basolateral membrane?
Just above the basement membrane
41
Where are surface modifications located?
On the apical side of the cell
42
Name a non-polarized cell
Endocrine cells
43
What is the purpose of the basement membrane?
Divides the epithelium and connective tissue
44
Where are stromal cells located?
Between tubular cells
45
List epithelium types
Cuboidal, simple columnar, simple columnar ciliated, pseudostratified columnar ciliated, simple squamous, stratified squamous, stratified cuboidal transitional
46
What is a terminal bar?
A junctional complex located on the lateral surface (basal modification)
47
What is a constant feature of junctional complexes?
Tight junctions
48
Describe adhesion belts
Actin filaments and cadherins enable binding between cells. Adhesion is Ca+ dependent
49
Describe tight junctions
The fusion of adjacent cell membranes to make a barrier to prevent diffusion of molecules and ions
50
Describe desmosomes
Desmosomes are anchored by intermediate filaments and bound with E-Caherin
51
Describe hemidesmosomes
Half desmosomes that bind only the basal cell surface to the basement membrane
52
Describe gap junctions
Gap junctions allow selective molecules t cross between adjacent membranes. Gap junctions can span 2 membranes
53
What is an important role of tight junction?
Preventing the spread of cancer cells
54
What do basal infoldings do?
Engulf fluid, bacteria and ions for transport
55
What are caveolae?
Invaginations for endocytosis.
56
What are pinocytotic vesicles?
Endocytosed particles from the caveolae that travel to the endosome for digestion
57
How are cilia structured?
9 doublet microtubules with 2 in the middle. The basal body contains 9 sets of triplet microtubules
58
Describe simple squamous epithelium
A single layer of flat cells with bulging nuclei and no cytoplasm
59
What is the epithelium of the blood vessel called?
Endothelium
60
Describe simple cuboidal cells
Equidimensional cells with a central nucleus
61
Describe simple columnar cells
Basal cells with elongated nucleus
62
Describe pseudostratified epithelium
Generally columnar, appeas stratified but is not. Seen with cilia, goblet cells, basal cells, and columnar cells.
63
Describe stratified squamous cells
Many layers, with the outermost layer being squamous in appearance. Cells move up and change from cuboidal to squamous and slough off at the top
64
What cells can be keratinized
Stratified squamous. Non-keratinized stratified squamous cells have nuclei on the top layer
65
What is the stratum corneum
Soft keratin located on top of the epithelium
66
What is the stratum lucidum
A band of dead and flattened keratinocytes (inconstant)
67
What is the stratum granulosum
Thin line of lamellar granules and keratohyalin granules that act as a water barrier
68
What is the stratum spinosum
Main layer of squamous cells attached by desmosomes
69
What is the stratum basale
Bottom layer of epithelium, next to basement membrane and produces stem cells for epithelium
70
Where is transitional epithelium found
Urinary tract
71
What is an exocrine gland
Connected to the surface through ducts
72
What is an endocrine gland
No surface connection, secretes to blood
73
What is the secretory end piece of a gland
Adenomere
74
What are adenomeres made of
simple cuboidal, columnar or pyramidal cells
75
What type of cells do sebaceous glands have
Stratified cuboidal epithelia (very rare and found only in ducts)
76
What are unicellular glands
One single secretory cell in an epithelial layer (Goblet cell)
77
What are simple glands
Unbranched duct system, usually part of another organ
78
What are compound glands
Intricate duct system
79
Types of secretory units in glands
Tubular (straight, coiled) or alveolar/acinar (grape-like)
80
Glands with both tubular and alveolar units are called
Tubuloalveolar glands
81
Name the gland secretions
Mucus or Serous, or a mixture of both
82
How is serous different from mucus
Serous stains darker than mucus due to ribosomes. Mucous glands contain glycoprotein and stain light
83
What is the most common method of gland secretion
Merocrine; excretes through exocytosis
84
Describe apocrine
part of the cell is pinched off and secreted (rare, found in sweat and mammary)
85
Describe holocrine
Entire cell sloughs off, very rare (sebaceous)
86
What are negatively charged cell components?
DNA, RNA, ribosomes
87
What are positively charged cell components?
Mitochondria, proteins, collagens
88
Name peptides secreted by the heart
Atrial Natriuretic Petide, Brain natriuretic peptide
89
What is the effect of BNP
Vasodilation
90
What is the effect of ANP
Lipolysis
91
What is an intercalated duct?
The portion of an exocrine gland leading directly from the acinus to a striated duct
92
What is a striated duct?
A duct that connects the intercalated duct to a interlobular duct
93
What is a serous demilune?
A serous cell that is squished by mucus in a mixed production gland
94
Describe transitional epithelium
Columnar on the bottom and cuboidal on top when relaxed
95
What type of sweat gland is associated with hair?
Apocrine
96
What type of sweat gland is associated with no hair?
Eccrine
97
Where can you find stratified cuboidal epithelium
Sweat gland duct
98
Where can you find loose connective tissue?
Eye, lamina propria
99
Where can mesothelium be found?
Lung
100
Where can you find simple cuboidal epithelium?
Thyroid gland
101
Where can you find simple columnar epithelium?
Duodenum
102
Where can you find a goblet cell?
Duodenum
103
Where can you find pseudostratified columnar epithelium?
Trachea
104
Where can you find stratified squamous?
Esophagus
105
What is pyknosis?
Cells are degenerating and breaking up
106
What type of gland is a goblet cell?
Unicellular
107
What type of gland is sebaceous?
Alveolar
108
Where would you find a simple tubular gland?
Uterus
109
Where can you find a serous demilune?
Esophagous, salivary gland
110
What is an example of a compound gland?
Parotid (salivary) gland
111
What type of gland is the pancreas?
Serous compound
112
Where is mesenchymal tissue found?
Embroys
113
What is the first stage of connective tissue development?
Mesenchyme develops some collagen fibers, "Wharton's jelly"
114
Loose connective tissue is also known as
Areolar
115
Where can you find loose connective tissue
Mesentery
116
Mononuclear phagocyte system
Macrophage, Kupffer cells, osteaclasts
117
What cells are differentiated from B lymphocytes?
Plasma cells
118
What is the main connective tissue in the dermis
Dense irregular
119
Where is pigmented connective tissue found?
Eye
120
Describe a white fat cell
Unilocular, only 1 fat droplet
121
Where is dense regular CT found
Tendons, Ligaments, Aponeuroses
122
Where is dense elastin tissue found?
Nuchal ligament, aorta
123
What is the parenchyma
FUnctional part of solid organs (glands)
124
What proteins are associated with gap junctions
connexins
