blood and immune system Flashcards
(114 cards)
1
Q
how much blood is plasma fluid
A
55%
2
Q
what is blood composed of
A
plasma and blood cells (RBC,WBC and Platelets)
3
Q
what is plasma
A
the majority of blood (55%) of which 90% is water and the rest is proteins , vitamins, minerals, dissolved gasses and waste products of cellular metabolism
4
Q
How much of blood is composed of red blood cells
A
45%
5
Q
What blood cells is blood composed of
A
RBC, WBC and Platelets
6
Q
Red blood cells name
A
Erythrocytes
7
Q
describe RBC
A
- biconcave
- no nucleus allowing room to carry hemoglobin
- produced in bone marrow and live 120 days ish
8
Q
hemoglobin definition
A
protein that helps carry gases and nutrients on RBC
9
Q
Anemia definition
A
deficiency of in RBC or hemoglobin that leads to decreased oxygen delivery to tissues
10
Q
Anemia causes
A
hemorrhage (bleeding) or iron deficiency
11
Q
Sickle Cell Anemia definition
A
hereditary blood disorder which causes abnormalities in hemoglobin molecule in RBC and leads to abnormal sickle like shape of cells
12
Q
whats sickle cell anemia associated with
A
chronic health problems, severe infections, attacks of severe pain, stroke and increased risk of death
13
Q
WBC name
A
Leukocytes
14
Q
WBC definition
A
part of immune response and contain nucleus and are much bigger than RBC
15
Q
What happens to WBC when ur sick
A
number doubles to fight against sickness
16
Q
Where are WBC produced
A
in bone marrow
17
Q
Leukaemia definition
A
Cancer of bone marrow
18
Q
what does leukaemia cause
A
Abnormal increase in production of immature WBC that weaken the immune system and prevent blood clotting normally to heal injuries leading to frequent nose bleeds and bruising
19
Q
Types of WBC
A
Granulocytes, Monocytes and Lymphocytes
20
Q
Granulocytes
A
Type of WBC that is found in circulating blood, engulf and destroy foreign bodies
21
Q
Monocytes
A
WBC found in circulating blood , engulf and destroy foreign bodies
22
Q
Lymphocytes
A
type of WBC that produces antibodies that incapacitate pathogens
23
Q
Types of Granulocytes
A
neutrophils, basophils and eosinophils
24
Q
Type of Monocytes
A
macrophages
25
two WBC found in circulating blood
granulocytes and monocytes
26
platelets name
thrombocytes
27
platelets definition
fragments of cells that form when larger cells in bone marrow break apart, important in blood clotting
28
whats blood clotting
prevention of excessive blood loss after injury
29
Blood clotting happens:
injured blood vessels releases chemicals that attract platelets, they released substances that produce enzyme thromboplastin and with help of calcium ions it reacts with prothrombin to react with fibrinogen and produce fibrin which acts as a mesh which keeps blood cells stuck together and keeps them from escaping
30
blood clotting cycle
platelets rupture > thromboplastin + calcium reacts with prothrombin = thrombin + fibrinogen = fibrin is a mesh binding blood cells together
31
hemophilia
hereditary disease that results from insufficient clotting proteins in the blood , increases risk of death upon injury
32
do platelets have a nucleus
no
33
do RBC have a nucleus
no
34
do wbc have a nucleus
yes
35
how much of blood is composed of rbc, wbc/platelets and plasma
rbc-44%
plasma-55%
wbc/plasma-1%
36
embolus
when a blood clot dislodges it can travel through body to lodge in vital organ
37
3 types of embolus
1- Cerebral embolism
2-coronary embolism
3-pulmonary embolism
38
function of the blood
transport nutrients wastes and hormones and homeostatic regulation (temp)
39
Vasodilation
blood vessels expand and move towards the skin to release heat
40
vasoconstriction
blood vessels contract and move away from the skin to conserve heat
41
vaso
vessels
42
what is vasodilation controlled
low blood pressure exercise and alcohol
43
What is vasoconstriction controlled by
high blood pressure and nicotine
44
lymphatic system
network of vessels/nodes closely associated with capillaries
45
how does lymphatic system and immunity relate
vessels collect lymph fluid (similar to plasma) which helps maintain balance of bodily fluids , bathing cells in intestrial fluid as it mixes with general blood circulation
46
where is lymphatic system found
intestinal wall
47
intestinal wall dose what
carry some digested fats throughout the body
48
what dose lymphatic system do
works with WBC to protect body against infections
49
where so WBC mature
lymph nodes
50
besides wbc lymph nodes also contain _____ which do what
macrophages , trap and destroy bacteria circulating in body
51
wgen you are sick u feel
swelling of lymph glands behind ur jawbone or under atms
52
what is the first line of difference
physical and chemical barriers
53
examples of first line of defence
skin- protective barrier , acidic enough ti inhibit growth of microbes
lysozymes- enzyme produced in saliva mucous and perspiration
HCL- stomach acid, destroy microbes in food
Cilla- found is respiratory tract , cough mechanism, trap foreign microbes derbis
54
Lysozyme
enzyme produced in tears, sweat, saliva, mucous, perspiration which destroy cell walls of bacteria
55
diffrence between 1,2 line of defence and 3rd
1,2 are non specific /cell-meditated and are same for all pathogens
3- specific , antibody meditated immunity
56
when is 2nd line of defence activated
if pathogens pass skin
57
results from second line line of defence
localized inflammatory response ex. swelling, heat, redness, pain
58
2nd line of defence 3 types of phagocytes
Monocytes, Macrophages and Neutrophils
59
phagocytes
WBC that engulf microbes
60
monocytes
move into tissues and become macrophages
type of phagocytes
61
macrophages
type of phagocytes foreign invaders
62
neutrophils
type of phagocytes
move into infected tissues by process called chemotaxis and eat the microbe and dmgd WBC
63
fever
2nd line of defence
system wide defence to more severe dmg or infections
64
how is fever triggerd as a 2nd line of defence
when neutrophils and macrophages digest invaders they release chem which go to brain and increase temp (fever) which kills many types of invaders
65
fever makes what difficult
for harmful bacteria to survive
66
by taking tylenol ur doing what
prolonging infection bc ur reducing fever
67
3rd line of defence consists of
B cells, T cells and Antibodies
68
the B,T cells and antibodies are made in
bone marrow
69
T cells consist of
Helper, Killer , Suppressor and Memory T cells
70
Helper T cells
analyse pathogens broken down by phagocytes and recruit B cells to help identify the foreign particles
71
Killer T cells
recognize cells infected by a virus or cancerous human cells and destroy them
72
Suppresor T cells
monitor killer T cells to make sure they don’t destroy healthy tissue
73
Memory T cells
do not respond on first exposure but remain in blood for future invasions
74
B cells are
recruited to the site of phagocytes by T cells where they become activated and divide into plasma and memory B cells
75
Plasma B cells produce?
produce antibodies that recgonize and attach to the antigens of specific pathogens to essentially slow it sown and mark for destruction by phagocytes
76
Antibodies remain in blood stream so
that next time the pathogens enters the bloodstream phagocytes can quickly destroy it
77
Memory B cells
display antibodies (proteins) that match the antigens (proteins) presented by that particular pathogen and remain in bloodstream so that if they encounter pathogen again they can call a phagocytes
78
antibodies
proteins that recognize antigens displayed by foreign particles qnd trigger the macrophages to neutralize or destroy them
79
when do antibodies genarate
after WBC destroy pathogens through phagocytosis
80
how di antibodies develop over time
1st exposure to antigen the immune response take time ti produce antibodies but the second time the response is more rapid and generates higher lvls oc antibodies and over time it leads to development of immune system
81
antigen vs antibodies
antigens: ID card for pathogens
antibodies- created to fight pathogens
82
granulocytes are
found in circulating blood , engulf and destroy foreign bodies
83
lymphocytes do what
produce antibodies that incapacitate pathogens
(cell eating) Phagocytosis
84
what produces antibodies
plasma
85
antigens (Ag)
molecule on the surface of cells and pathogens
86
antibodies (Ab)
protein that recognizes foreign substances and acts to neutralize or destroy them
87
2 ways blood types can be classified
ABO grouping, Rh grouping
based on antigen markers found on the membranes of each RBC
88
ABO grouping is a what
Rbc présent différent antigens based on our DNA which our WBC produce antibodies against other blood types making us incompatible with other blood types
89
ABO system = what
presence or absence of type A and type B antigens on persons RBC
90
blood type A has what antigens
antigen A
91
blood type B has what antigens
antigen B
92
nlood type AB has what antigens
both AB antigens
93
blood type O has what antigen
no antigens
94
Blood type A had what antibodies
anti-B
95
blood type B has what antibodies
anti-A
96
blood type AB has what antibodies
no antibodies
97
blood type O has what antibodies
anti A and anti B
98
Rhesus grouping is a ?
inherited antigen
99
Individuals with Rhesus factir are?
Rhesus positive
100
Individuals without a Rhesus factor are
Rhesus negative
101
Rhesus negative can _____ to Rh + but cannot ____ Rh+ blood
donate , receive
102
Recipent
receiver of blood
103
universal recipient
Type AB+
104
why is the universal recipient AB+
has all 3 antigens but no antibodies
105
universal donor
type O-
106
why is the universal donor O-
has no antigens
107
type AB + blood can recive blood from ____. but donate to only ____
anybody, Ab+
108
Type O- can recive blood from ____ and donate to ____
O- , anybody
109
positive blood types only cant donate to
negative blood types
110
negative donating to a positive is
okay
111
negative donating to a negative
is okay
112
positive donating to a positive
is okay
113
positive donating to a negative
is not okay
114
agglutination
blood clumping together
