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Bio 20 > Digestion pt 2 > Flashcards

Digestion pt 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What temperature dose the human body function at

A

37C

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2
Q

Problem with increasing temperature of the body

A

speeding up reactions in your body will damage proteins and destroy body cells , high fever can be fatal

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3
Q

how can reate of reaction be increased within body

A

increased temp and enzyme catalysts

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4
Q

Catalyst are

A

enzymes that speed up rate of reaction in your body without increasing temp

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5
Q

why are enzymes better at increasing rate of reaction

A

because they don’t increase temp which can damage cells and aren’t consumed or changed so can be used repeatedly

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6
Q

we hat are enzymes

A

catalyst, proteins that speed up rate of reaction and are specilized for specific reactions
ex. sucrase brakes down sucrose

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7
Q

who needs enzymes

A

all chemical reactions in living organisms

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8
Q

1.building up molecules
2.Breaking down molecules
3. Speeding up reactions

words for

A

1.Synthesis
2.Digestion
3.Catalysts

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9
Q

what are enzymes

A

protein catalysts

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10
Q

for reactants ti form a product they must posses enough ______ so that chemical bonds can be _____

A

activation energy, changed

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11
Q

what do enzymes do

A

reduce the reaction’s activation energy

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12
Q

substrate

A

The molecule which an enzyme works on
each is combined with a specific enzyme
This is what is changed during the reaction

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13
Q

What is changed during a reaction andcwhat stays the same

A

substrate changes
enzymes stay the same can be used again

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14
Q

Enzymes active site

A

the area that joins the enzyme with the substrate molecules
lock and key mechanism
each enzyme has specific active site that provides dock for specific substrate

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15
Q

whats it called when a substrate temporarily joins with a enzyme

A

enzyme substrate complex

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16
Q

What can affect enzyme reactions

A

pH, Temperature, substrate molecules concentration, competitive and non competitive inhibitors

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17
Q

how can temperature affect enzyme reactions

A

optimal is 37, toi high = bonds too weak to maintain enzyme shape , too low= bonds too flexible to enable the substrate to fir properly

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18
Q

how can pH affect enzyme reactions

A

most humans function between 6-8 , cant function when too low acidic or toobhigh basic
ex stomach pH very low 2-3 very acidic

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19
Q

how dose substrate concentration affect enzymes reaction

A

the greater the number of substrate molecules, greater collisions, greater the rate of reaction

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20
Q

how do competitive inhibitor’s affect enzymes reaction

A

molecules similar shape to substrate bind to active site and directly block the active site

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21
Q

how do non competitive inhibitors affect enzyme reactions

A

bind to enzymes allosteric site ( not active site) and change shape of active site of enzyme no reaction

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22
Q

feedback inhabitation

A

series of enzymatic reactions, product of first becomes the substrate for the next reaction
final product can gi n bund to allosteric site and change shape of active site preventing the enzyme n substratecfrom binding
slows reaction rate preventing further accumulation of final product
can be used in medication for good

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23
Q

what part of enzyme binds to substrate

A

active site

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24
Q

ingestion

A

taking in nutrients

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25
Q

digestion

A

breaking down nutrients

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26
Q

two types of digestion

A

physical/ mechanical eating and chemical enzymatic digestion

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27
Q

absorption

A

transportation of digested nutrients via blood

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28
Q

elimination

A

removal of undigested waste

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29
Q

how long is human digestive tract

A

6.5-9 m long

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30
Q

where dose digestion begin and how

A

mouth by physical ( mechanical) digestion when food is chewed to form a bolus

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31
Q

bolus

A

food thats already chewed

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32
Q

why do we chew our food

A

to increase Surface area for chemical digestion

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33
Q

what sre teeth covered in whatvis it

A

enamel which is hardest substance in human body

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34
Q

Saliva

A

fluid produced by salivary glands that serves 2 functions
to breakdown complex carbs with salivary amylase enzymes and dissolves food particles on flavour receptors on tounge

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35
Q

why dose the body do feedback inhabitation

A

to slow down rate or stop the rate of enzyme reaction to prevent waste in cells

36
Q

Esophagus

A

tube from mouth to stomach where food bolus enters

37
Q

when food bolus enters esophagus it activates what

A

walls of esophagus to stretch , peristalsis: smooth muscle that lines esophagus involuntarily contracts to help move food down

38
Q

esophagus sphincter

A

ring like muscular structure that controls food entry into stomach

39
Q

Stomach

A

J shaped organ , site of food storage and initial protein digestion ( pH range 1-3) acidic
Folded layers increase SA

40
Q

How is food physically digested in the stomach

A

churring of food by stomach muscles

41
Q

phylonic sphincter

A

controls emptying of stomach contents into small intestine

42
Q

gastric juices

A

when food goes in acid and is secreted by cells lining the stomach which contributes to chemical digestion of food and converts food into chyme

43
Q

chyme

A

the pulpy acidic fluid which passes from the stomach to the small intestine, consisting of gastric juices and partly digested food.

44
Q

HCL

A

kills harmful substances and converts pepsinogen into active form pepsin

45
Q

pepsin

A

protein digestive enzyme that breaks down peptide bonds

46
Q

mucus

A

protective alkaline layer that prevents stomach from being broken down by HCL

47
Q

ulcers

A

when mucus layer in the stomach breaks down and stomach wall iscexposed to HCL and pepsin
increases acid production, very painful msy be due to bacteria , diet andcstress contribute

48
Q

what organs make up the digestive system

A

mouth, salivary glands , esophagus, stomach, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, small intestines, large intestines, rectum , anus

49
Q

Small Intestine is composed of what

A

digestion occurs
composed of 3 sections 1 duodenum 2 jejunum and Ileum

50
Q

where dose most digestion occur

A

small intestine, duodenum

51
Q

howcdose digestion occur in duodenum small intestine

A

Chyme moves through the SI by peristalsis
Physical digestion = segmentation = chyme sloshing back and forth

52
Q

whsts small intestine covered in

A

tiny projections called villi covered in microvilli tk increase SA of small intestine

53
Q

pepsin

A

protein digesting enzyme

54
Q

each villus (single villi) is supplied with

A

capillary network and lymph vessels called lacteals

55
Q

what dose the capillary network and lymph vessels lacteals do

A

capillary network allows fluid and gas exchange to occur with blood stream
and lacteals transport products of fat digestion

56
Q

pancreas

A

enzyme factory , releases enzymes to SI

57
Q

Enzymes that chem digest the following
Proteins
Carbs
Lipids

A

Trypsin
Amylase
Lipase

58
Q

Protein digestion in SI pt1 what enters Si and dose what

A

Chyme enters SI soaked in HCL and pepsin , HCL triggers conversion of hormone prosecretin into secretin which tells pancreas to release bicarbonate ions (HCO3)

59
Q

In SI the prosecretin gets activated by what into secretin which then dose what

A

HCL, secretin then tells pancreas to release bicarbonate ions

60
Q

what do bicarbonate ions HCO3 do in SI pt2 of protein digestion

A

bicarbonate ions increase pH from 2 to 9 become basic , basic pH inactivates pepsin

61
Q

once pepsin is inactive what happens pt3 protein digestion

A

Trypsinogen gets converted into trypsin by enzyme enterokinase ( completes chem digestion of long chain proteins)

62
Q

pt4 of protein digestion how are shorter chains of peptides broken down

A

Erepsin completes protein digestion by breaking down shorter chain peptides and converting tgem into aa

63
Q

where dose protein digestion begin and with what how

A

In stomach with pepsin (protein digestive enzyme)

64
Q

what activates trypsinogen into trypsin

A

enzyme enterokinase

65
Q

what breaks down 2 chain peptides into aa

A

erepsin

66
Q

Carbohydrates digestion in SI
what is released ti break down complex carbs

A

Pancreas release Amylase which breaks down complex carbs into disaccharides then monosaccharides

67
Q

what releases enzymes amylase trypsin and lipase

A

pancreas

68
Q

Lipid digestion in Si
what enzyme is released to break down lipids

A

pancreas releases lipases which break down fats lipids

69
Q

What are the two types of lipases and what do they break down

A

Pancreatic lipase that breaks down fats into fatty acids and glycerol
Phospholipase - breaks down phospholipids

70
Q

where dise absorption happen

A

small intestine

71
Q

liver whatvis it what dose it di

A

Breaks down components of hemoglobin from blood
Converts glycogen to glucose vice versa depending on bodies sugar needs
Store’s vitamins A B12 D
Detoxifies harmful substances by making soluble and dissolved in blood eliminated in urine
Secrets bile waste

72
Q

why is poop brown

A

bile

73
Q

main function of liver

A

breaks down hemoglobin from blood
coverts maintains sufar by converting glucose to glycogen vice versa
detoxification of harmful substances

74
Q

Gallbladder whatvit stores how is it triggered

A

stores bile salts produced by liver when not needed
when fats present in SI hotmone CCK released by SI triggering the release of bile salts from gallbladder

75
Q

Large Intestine

A

Digestion dose not occur here
Concentrates and eliminates wastes , shorter than SI
Undigested chyme passes down to colon water n salt are absorbed, bacteria try to digest remaining waste

76
Q

Gastrin

A

hormone messenger produced as the walks of the stomach are distended by presence of food

77
Q

Secretin

A

hormone released from duodenum ehen stomach acids and chyme move from stomach to SI , initiates release of bicarbonate for raise in pH of stomach

78
Q

CCK

A

relased from duodenum after consumption of fatty meal to slow digestion and allow more timevfor fat to becdigested n absorbed

79
Q

what hormone is released in response to a strech in the stomach to relase more HCL

A

gastin

80
Q

what switches prosecretin into secretin and what dose secretin do

A

HCL , tells pancreas tk relase bicarbonate ions tk neutralize pH of HCL ao it dosent effect lining of small intestine

81
Q

where is Amylase produced and whatcdose it break down

A

Saliva and pancreas
Complex carbs > disaccharides

82
Q

where is Disaccharides enzymes produced andcwhat dose it break down

A

small intestine
disaccharides > monosaccharides

83
Q

Where is Pepsin produced and actuvated by ti breakdown what

A

Stomach , activated by HCL to break down polypeptide > peptide

84
Q

Where is trypsin produced to break down what

A

pancreas
polypeptides into peptides

85
Q

where is erepsin produced to break down what into what

A

pancreas small intestine
peptide into aa

86
Q

where is lipase produced to break down what

A

pancreas
fat droplets into fatty acids + glycerol

Bio 20 (21 decks)

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