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Digestion pt 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What temperature dose the human body function at

A

37C

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2
Q

Problem with increasing temperature of the body

A

speeding up reactions in your body will damage proteins and destroy body cells , high fever can be fatal

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3
Q

how can reate of reaction be increased within body

A

increased temp and enzyme catalysts

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4
Q

Catalyst are

A

enzymes that speed up rate of reaction in your body without increasing temp

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5
Q

why are enzymes better at increasing rate of reaction

A

because they don’t increase temp which can damage cells and aren’t consumed or changed so can be used repeatedly

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6
Q

we hat are enzymes

A

catalyst, proteins that speed up rate of reaction and are specilized for specific reactions
ex. sucrase brakes down sucrose

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7
Q

who needs enzymes

A

all chemical reactions in living organisms

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8
Q

1.building up molecules
2.Breaking down molecules
3. Speeding up reactions

words for

A

1.Synthesis
2.Digestion
3.Catalysts

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9
Q

what are enzymes

A

protein catalysts

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10
Q

for reactants ti form a product they must posses enough ______ so that chemical bonds can be _____

A

activation energy, changed

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11
Q

what do enzymes do

A

reduce the reaction’s activation energy

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12
Q

substrate

A

The molecule which an enzyme works on
each is combined with a specific enzyme
This is what is changed during the reaction

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13
Q

What is changed during a reaction andcwhat stays the same

A

substrate changes
enzymes stay the same can be used again

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14
Q

Enzymes active site

A

the area that joins the enzyme with the substrate molecules
lock and key mechanism
each enzyme has specific active site that provides dock for specific substrate

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15
Q

whats it called when a substrate temporarily joins with a enzyme

A

enzyme substrate complex

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16
Q

What can affect enzyme reactions

A

pH, Temperature, substrate molecules concentration, competitive and non competitive inhibitors

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17
Q

how can temperature affect enzyme reactions

A

optimal is 37, toi high = bonds too weak to maintain enzyme shape , too low= bonds too flexible to enable the substrate to fir properly

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18
Q

how can pH affect enzyme reactions

A

most humans function between 6-8 , cant function when too low acidic or toobhigh basic
ex stomach pH very low 2-3 very acidic

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19
Q

how dose substrate concentration affect enzymes reaction

A

the greater the number of substrate molecules, greater collisions, greater the rate of reaction

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20
Q

how do competitive inhibitor’s affect enzymes reaction

A

molecules similar shape to substrate bind to active site and directly block the active site

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21
Q

how do non competitive inhibitors affect enzyme reactions

A

bind to enzymes allosteric site ( not active site) and change shape of active site of enzyme no reaction

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22
Q

feedback inhabitation

A

series of enzymatic reactions, product of first becomes the substrate for the next reaction
final product can gi n bund to allosteric site and change shape of active site preventing the enzyme n substratecfrom binding
slows reaction rate preventing further accumulation of final product
can be used in medication for good

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23
Q

what part of enzyme binds to substrate

A

active site

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24
Q

ingestion

A

taking in nutrients

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25
digestion
breaking down nutrients
26
two types of digestion
physical/ mechanical eating and chemical enzymatic digestion
27
absorption
transportation of digested nutrients via blood
28
elimination
removal of undigested waste
29
how long is human digestive tract
6.5-9 m long
30
where dose digestion begin and how
mouth by physical ( mechanical) digestion when food is chewed to form a bolus
31
bolus
food thats already chewed
32
why do we chew our food
to increase Surface area for chemical digestion
33
what sre teeth covered in whatvis it
enamel which is hardest substance in human body
34
Saliva
fluid produced by salivary glands that serves 2 functions to breakdown complex carbs with salivary amylase enzymes and dissolves food particles on flavour receptors on tounge
35
why dose the body do feedback inhabitation
to slow down rate or stop the rate of enzyme reaction to prevent waste in cells
36
Esophagus
tube from mouth to stomach where food bolus enters
37
when food bolus enters esophagus it activates what
walls of esophagus to stretch , peristalsis: smooth muscle that lines esophagus involuntarily contracts to help move food down
38
esophagus sphincter
ring like muscular structure that controls food entry into stomach
39
Stomach
J shaped organ , site of food storage and initial protein digestion ( pH range 1-3) acidic Folded layers increase SA
40
How is food physically digested in the stomach
churring of food by stomach muscles
41
phylonic sphincter
controls emptying of stomach contents into small intestine
42
gastric juices
when food goes in acid and is secreted by cells lining the stomach which contributes to chemical digestion of food and converts food into chyme
43
chyme
the pulpy acidic fluid which passes from the stomach to the small intestine, consisting of gastric juices and partly digested food.
44
HCL
kills harmful substances and converts pepsinogen into active form pepsin
45
pepsin
protein digestive enzyme that breaks down peptide bonds
46
mucus
protective alkaline layer that prevents stomach from being broken down by HCL
47
ulcers
when mucus layer in the stomach breaks down and stomach wall iscexposed to HCL and pepsin increases acid production, very painful msy be due to bacteria , diet andcstress contribute
48
what organs make up the digestive system
mouth, salivary glands , esophagus, stomach, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, small intestines, large intestines, rectum , anus
49
Small Intestine is composed of what
digestion occurs composed of 3 sections 1 duodenum 2 jejunum and Ileum
50
where dose most digestion occur
small intestine, duodenum
51
howcdose digestion occur in duodenum small intestine
Chyme moves through the SI by peristalsis Physical digestion = segmentation = chyme sloshing back and forth
52
whsts small intestine covered in
tiny projections called villi covered in microvilli tk increase SA of small intestine
53
pepsin
protein digesting enzyme
54
each villus (single villi) is supplied with
capillary network and lymph vessels called lacteals
55
what dose the capillary network and lymph vessels lacteals do
capillary network allows fluid and gas exchange to occur with blood stream and lacteals transport products of fat digestion
56
pancreas
enzyme factory , releases enzymes to SI
57
Enzymes that chem digest the following Proteins Carbs Lipids
Trypsin Amylase Lipase
58
Protein digestion in SI pt1 what enters Si and dose what
Chyme enters SI soaked in HCL and pepsin , HCL triggers conversion of hormone prosecretin into secretin which tells pancreas to release bicarbonate ions (HCO3)
59
In SI the prosecretin gets activated by what into secretin which then dose what
HCL, secretin then tells pancreas to release bicarbonate ions
60
what do bicarbonate ions HCO3 do in SI pt2 of protein digestion
bicarbonate ions increase pH from 2 to 9 become basic , basic pH inactivates pepsin
61
once pepsin is inactive what happens pt3 protein digestion
Trypsinogen gets converted into trypsin by enzyme enterokinase ( completes chem digestion of long chain proteins)
62
pt4 of protein digestion how are shorter chains of peptides broken down
Erepsin completes protein digestion by breaking down shorter chain peptides and converting tgem into aa
63
where dose protein digestion begin and with what how
In stomach with pepsin (protein digestive enzyme)
64
what activates trypsinogen into trypsin
enzyme enterokinase
65
what breaks down 2 chain peptides into aa
erepsin
66
Carbohydrates digestion in SI what is released ti break down complex carbs
Pancreas release Amylase which breaks down complex carbs into disaccharides then monosaccharides
67
what releases enzymes amylase trypsin and lipase
pancreas
68
Lipid digestion in Si what enzyme is released to break down lipids
pancreas releases lipases which break down fats lipids
69
What are the two types of lipases and what do they break down
Pancreatic lipase that breaks down fats into fatty acids and glycerol Phospholipase - breaks down phospholipids
70
where dise absorption happen
small intestine
71
liver whatvis it what dose it di
Breaks down components of hemoglobin from blood Converts glycogen to glucose vice versa depending on bodies sugar needs Store’s vitamins A B12 D Detoxifies harmful substances by making soluble and dissolved in blood eliminated in urine Secrets bile waste
72
why is poop brown
bile
73
main function of liver
breaks down hemoglobin from blood coverts maintains sufar by converting glucose to glycogen vice versa detoxification of harmful substances
74
Gallbladder whatvit stores how is it triggered
stores bile salts produced by liver when not needed when fats present in SI hotmone CCK released by SI triggering the release of bile salts from gallbladder
75
Large Intestine
Digestion dose not occur here Concentrates and eliminates wastes , shorter than SI Undigested chyme passes down to colon water n salt are absorbed, bacteria try to digest remaining waste
76
Gastrin
hormone messenger produced as the walks of the stomach are distended by presence of food
77
Secretin
hormone released from duodenum ehen stomach acids and chyme move from stomach to SI , initiates release of bicarbonate for raise in pH of stomach
78
CCK
relased from duodenum after consumption of fatty meal to slow digestion and allow more timevfor fat to becdigested n absorbed
79
what hormone is released in response to a strech in the stomach to relase more HCL
gastin
80
what switches prosecretin into secretin and what dose secretin do
HCL , tells pancreas tk relase bicarbonate ions tk neutralize pH of HCL ao it dosent effect lining of small intestine
81
where is Amylase produced and whatcdose it break down
Saliva and pancreas Complex carbs > disaccharides
82
where is Disaccharides enzymes produced andcwhat dose it break down
small intestine disaccharides > monosaccharides
83
Where is Pepsin produced and actuvated by ti breakdown what
Stomach , activated by HCL to break down polypeptide > peptide
84
Where is trypsin produced to break down what
pancreas polypeptides into peptides
85
where is erepsin produced to break down what into what
pancreas small intestine peptide into aa
86
where is lipase produced to break down what
pancreas fat droplets into fatty acids + glycerol

Bio 20 (21 decks)

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