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CR Flashcards

1
Q

what is CR

A

breaking down of glucose into usable energy ATP fir the cell

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2
Q

how do humans get glucose

A

through difestion

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3
Q

cellular respiration releases energy in glucose by ____
____ are removed
energy is ___
_____ are produced

A

oxidazing it
electrons
released
CO2 and H2O

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4
Q

In oxygen rich environments organisms carry out ____ cellular respiration

A

aerobic (requiers O2 to produce ATP )

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5
Q

in oxygen poor environments some organisms do _____ cellular respiration

A

anaerobic (dosent require O2 to make ATP )

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6
Q

3 pathways for energy release are

A

aerobic CR
anaerobic CR
fermentation

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7
Q

aerobic CR involves three metabolic pathways :

A
  1. glycolysis
    2.kerb cycle
  2. ETC electron transport chain
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8
Q

what does CR produce

A

H2O and CO2 and atp

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9
Q

which pathway for CR is most efficient and produces the most ATP

A

aerobic

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10
Q

whats the first step for both aerobic and anaerobic respiration

A

glycolysis

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11
Q

where dose the first step glycolysis take place

A

in the cytoplasm of cell outside mitochondria

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12
Q

how does glycolysis start

A

C6H12O6 (glucose) is split into 2 3 carbon sugars(PGAL) which are high energy by breaking down ATP into ADP +P and using its energy and H2O

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13
Q

whats 3 carbons chain called thats high energy

A

PGAL

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14
Q

whats a 3 carbons chain thats low energy called

A

pyruvate (similar to PGA)

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15
Q

what is the second thing that occurs in glycolysis once the glucose is split into 2 3 carbon chains high energy

A

the energy from the PGAL is used to charge up 2NAD+ to 2NADH and becomes low energy

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16
Q

what are the 2 chains of 3 carbons become low energy called

A

pyruvate

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17
Q

whats pyruvate

A

chains of 3 carbons that are low energy

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18
Q

after the 2 pyruvate are formed and 2 NADH are energized ehat occurs

A

4ADP are made into 4 ATP creating a net is formed and a product of 2 C3 pyruvate is formed

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19
Q

glycolysis inputs and outputs

A

input:
1 glucose (C6H12O6)
2 NAD+ (not charged)
2 ATP
4 ADP + 4P
Output:
2 pyruvate
2 NADH (charged)
4 ATP
2 H2O

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20
Q

what is created by the C6H12O6 in glycolysis

A

H2O and glucose which is made into pyruvate

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21
Q

what step of the CR happens even without O2 ( anaerobic)

A

glycolysis

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22
Q

in glycolysis oxygen becomes ____ and glucose _____

A

reduced , oxidized

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23
Q

does glycolysis generate any atp ?

A

a small amount only

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24
Q

glycolysis is the start of

A

aerobic cellular respiration and fermentation if not enough O2

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25
what does glycolysis produce
net product of 2 atp and 4 atp total and 2 NADH 2 CO2 that diffuses out as waste 2 CoA (goes to kreb cycle
26
what is the main purpose of aerobic cellular respiration
to create large amounts of ATP
27
What are the three stages of aerobic cellular respiration
glycolysis, kerb cycle and ETC
28
where dose glycolysis take place
cytoplasm of cell outside mitochondria
29
is oxygen required for glycolysis
no
30
whats tge reactants and products of glycolysis
reactants glucose products 2 NADH , 2 ATP and 2 Pyruvate
31
Glycolysis is an _____ reaction
both anaerobic and aerobic because it doesn’t need O2 but can function with and without
32
when dose the pyruvate created by glycolysis enter the mitochondria kerb cycle and where
when O2 is available it enters matrix of mitochondria
33
the 2 chains of 3 carbons (pyruvate) each lose ____ and get ____ by NAD to make NADH
a carbon, oxidized
34
the remaining 2 C group is called
acetate
35
what happens to acetate
it joins with co-enzyme CoA to form acetyl
36
what is C-C-CoA called
acetyl
37
whats the final electron exceptor
O2
38
Pyruvate Oxidation Input and Output
Input: 2 pyruvate, 2 CoA , 2 NAD+ output: 2 CO2 (diffuse out), 2 Acetyl CoA, 2 NADH
39
Another name fir kerb cycle is
Citric Acid cycle
40
where does the kerb cycle preparation and cycle happen
matrix if mitochondria
41
What happens to acetyl group when it enters kerb cycle
The CoA leaves to find more C-C chains The remaining C2 combines with (oxaloacetate) C4 to form C 6
42
What is the 6 C chain called
citrate
43
what happens with the 6 C citrate chain once its formed
2 C leave to form CO2 and the energy is used ti charge up NAD+ into NADH , FAD into FADH2 and ATP
44
Which molecules produced in the kerbs cycle act as electron carriers
FADH2 and NADH
45
Which molevules donate electrons to generate ATP
NADH and FADH2
46
ATP is generated by ___ which can also be called
chemiosmosis , phosphorylation
47
NADH and FADH2 are ____ by first protein complex of the etc
oxidized
48
What is the final electron acceptor
oxygen
49
why is oxygen the final electron acceptor
because once it recives them it combines with H ions tj form H2O
50
chemiosmosis is
the build up of H+ outside the matrix resulting in hydrogen gradient and electrochemical gradient
51
the batteries in oder strongest to weakest
ATP , NADH , FADH 2
52
if you convert battery to weaker in glycolysis __ ATP is formed and if u dont __ ATP is formed
36 , 38
53
ETC ATP output can vary from
36-38 atp
54
how much atp is produced anaerobically
2
55
in what way does fermentation occur in plant cells
alcohol fermentation
56
how is fermentation anaerobically in animal cells
lactic acid fermentation
57
in Alcohol/Ethanol fermentation glucose is turned into to what and forms atp
glucose>glycolysis =pyruvate > two carbon compound > ethanol
58
what dose it mean ti say glycolysis is a anaerobic process
it’s anaerobic because it can occur without O2
59
under what conditions dose fermentation occur
oxygen lacking conditions
60
how are lactate and ethanol fermentation similar and different
both occur in anaerobic conditions and only produce 2 ATP , pyruvate, and result in NADH oxidation difference is the final result of lacatate and ethanol
61
which process produces more ATP and why
aerobic because it undergoes glycolysis and the kerb cycle which produces more ATP
62
why di we have a muscle burning sensation when they work anaerobically
this is due to a lactic acid build up produced by fermentation
63
what happens to lactic acid /lactate when oxygen becomes available again
lactic acid/lactate gets converted back into pyruvate to be used in the kerb cycle again

Bio 20 (21 decks)

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