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Anatomy and Physiology > Blood and Nervous System > Flashcards

Blood and Nervous System Flashcards

(128 cards)

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1
Q

What is blood?

A

It is a fluid connective tissue

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2
Q

What does blood allow?

A

Communication between distant cells

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3
Q

What does the blood transport around the body?

A 
Oxygen
Nutrient
Carbon dioxide
Nutrients
Waste products
Hormones
Protective substances (antibodies etc)
Clothing factors
Heat
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4
Q

What pH is the blood?

A

7.4

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5
Q

What percentage of liquid and solids is the blood composed of?

A

55% liquid

45% solids

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6
Q

What are the main components of the blood?

A

Plasma
Erythrocytes
Leukocytes
Thrombocytes

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7
Q

What’s percentage of water is in plasma?

A

90-92%

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8
Q

What substances are dissolved or suspended in the plasma?

A 
Plasma proteins
Electrolytes
Nutrients
Waste products
Hormones
Gases
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9
Q

Why can plasma proteins not enter the blood?

A

It is too large so remains in the blood

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10
Q

What the purpose of plasma remaining in the blood?

A

To maintain osmotic pressure

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11
Q

What is osmotic pressure?

A

The pressure exerted by water in a solution

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12
Q

What is the most abundant plasma protein?

A

Albumin

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13
Q

What is the second most common plasma protein?

A

Globulins

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14
Q

What is the least abundant plasma proteins?

A

Fibrinogen and prothrombin

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15
Q

What causes the viscosity of the blood?

A

The plasma proteins

Mainly albumin and fibrinogen

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16
Q

What is the main function of albumin?

A

To maintain normal osmotic pressure and is responsible for transport of drugs

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17
Q

What is globulin proteins used for?

A

Used as antibodies and for transportation

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18
Q

What is fibrinogen and prothrombin plasma proteins involved it?

A

Blood clotting

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19
Q

What are the four main electrolytes in the body?

A

Na+
K+
Ca2+
Cl-

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20
Q

What are the

products of digestion which are also used as nutrients?

A 
Glucose
Amino acids (make up proteins)
Fatty acids
Glycerol
Vitamins
Minerals
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21
Q

Where are waste products produced and where is it transported?

A

The liver and transported to the kidneys for excretion

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22
Q

How is urine produced for excretion in kidneys?

A

Protein breakdown

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23
Q

How is uric acid produced in the kidney?

A

Breakdown of proteins

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24
Q

How is creatinine produced in the kidney?

A

Breakdown of muscle tissue

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25
What percentage of oxygen is carried in the haemoglobin?
98.5%
26
When oxygen and haemoglobin bind what does it become?
Oxyhaemoglobin
27
What percentage of oxygen is transported in solution in the plasma?
1.5%
28
What percentage of carbon dioxide is transported in the plasma?
77%
29
What percentage of carbon dioxide is carried in haemoglobin?
23%
30
When carbon dioxide and haemoglobin bind, what does it form?
Carbaminohaemaglobin
31
What are the three types of blood cells?
Erythrocytes Platelets Leukocytes
32
Where is blood cells produced and what is the name of the process?
They are produced by haemopoiesis in red bone marrow
33
What is haemopoiesis?
The production of blood cells
34
What percentage of blood cells are erythrocytes?
99%
35
What are the three characteristics of erythrocytes?
No nucleus - more space of O2 Biconcave to maximise surface area Flexible to squeeze through capillaries
36
What do erythrocytes contain?
Haemoglobin
37
What does haemoglobin contain?
4 haem groups
38
What is the life span of an erythrocyte?
120 days
39
What percentage of erythrocytes are replaced daily?
1%
40
Where is erythrocytes destroyed (haemolytic)?
In the spleen, bone marrow and the liver
41
What is haemolysis?
Breakdown of red blood cells
42
What is haemoglobin made up of?
A protein (globin) and an iron complex
43
How many oxygens can one haem unit carry?
1 O2
44
How many haemoglobins do erythrocytes carry?
280 million
45
When the four sites on a haemoglobin is occupied by oxygen, what is it described as?
Saturated
46
What colour is oxygen saturated blood?
Red
47
Under what conditions will haemoglobin release it’s oxygen? (3)
Low pH Hypoxia High temperature
48
What is the role of leukocytes?
Defence and immunity
49
What is the function of leukocytes?
Detect foreign material and destroy it
50
What blood cell is the largest?
Leukocytes
51
What are the two main types of leukocytes?
Granulocytes and Agranulocytes
52
What is the key physical difference between erythrocytes and leukocytes?
Leukocytes has nuclei
53
What are the three granulocytes?
Neutrophils Eosinophils Basophils
54
What are the two Agranulocytes?
Monocytes Lymphocytes
55
What is the function of neutrophils? (2)
Destroy and remove foreign substances (eg. Bacteria) by surrounding foreign body, engulfing it and breaking it down using hydrolytic enzymes Can squeeze through capillary walls
56
What is the role of eosinophils? (3)
It has two roles in destroying foreign substances like parasites such as worms, engulfing them and destroying them. Contains toxic chemicals It also regulates inflammation
57
What is the role of basophils? (3)
Causes body to produce antibody immunoglobulin which then bonds to basophils and mast cells. These then eels was substances such as histamine and serotonin. Associated with allergic reactions Promotes inflammation
58
What is the role of monocytes? (3)
Monitors environment and differentiates into macrophages (phagocytosis etc) and dendritic cells (Antigen Presenting Cells) as needed. Stimulates hypothalamus which produces a rise in body temp
59
What is the role of lymphocytes?
These are specialised macrophages found in tissue which works to identify and destroy invading antigens
60
What are some of the main types of lymphocytes?
Natural killer cells T cells B cells
61
What is the role of T lymphocytes? (2)
Send chemical instructions to the rest of the immune system so that your body can then produce and kill invaders Other types of T cells recognise and kill virus infected cells directly
62
What is the role of B lymphocytes? (2)
Work alongside T lymphocytes Produce antibodies so that the body can then produce toxic substances
63
What is the purpose of platelets?
Promote blood clotting
64
Where are platelets stored?
1/3 is stored in the spleen
65
How long do platelets survive?
8-11 days
66
When would platelets be destroyed?
If they’re not used in haemostasis they are destined by macrophages
67
What is haemostasis?
stopping of blood flow
68
What causes haemostasis?
Vasoconstriction and platelet plug formation
69
What causes vasoconstriction during haemostasis?
Serotonin
70
How is a platelet plug formed during haemostasis?
Clumping occurs and released chemical attract more platelets
71
How long does it take for platelet plug to form?
6 minutes
72
What is the process of haemostasis? (11)
When tissue is damaged, platelets contact collagen (protein in skin) when skin is damaged Triggers release of thromboplastin and serotonin. Serotonin binds to receptors on smooth muscle causing contraction reducing blood flow Clotting factors prothrombin activator and Ca2+ ions released (enzyme) Prothrombin activator converts blood protein prothrombin to thrombin (enzyme) Thrombin splits fibrinogen to form fibrin (insoluble protein) Fibrin fibres form mesh over wound Bleeding stops Clot dries and forms scab preventing pathogens infecting Wound held under scab Enzyme plasmin released to dissolve clot
73
What is the role of the endocrine system? (3)
In charge of body processes that happen slowly such as cell growth Secretes hormones (chemical messengers) directly into the blood stream whereas exocrine releases substances into ducts. Hormones target cells and tissues
74
What does the endocrine system regulate?
``` Mood Growth Development Tissue function Metabolism Reproduction ```
75
What is the role of the nervous system? (2)
Faster than the endocrine system Communication and controlling system Coordinates activities and actions of individual body systems
76
What are the three principle functions of the nervous system?
Receive Convey Integrate
77
How does the nervous system function using the three principles?
It receive the stimuli from outside and inside the body. It analyses this information. It coordinates an appropriate response. It then conveys impulses from the brain. It then stimulates or depresses activity in muscles, glands or other tissues. It integrates the many different functions carried out by individual organs, tissues and cells.
78
What is the nervous system split into?
The central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system
79
What is the central nervous system split into?
The brain and spinal cord
80
What is the brain split into?
Cerebrum Cerebellum Brain stem
81
What is the brain stem split into?
Mid brain Pons Variolli Medulla Oblongata
82
What is the peripheral nervous system split into?
12 pairs of cranial nerves 31 pairs of spinal nerves Somatic Nervous System (voluntary and conscious) Autonomic Nervous System (involuntary)
83
What is the autonomic nervous system split into?
Parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous system
84
What is meninges?
It is the three membranes that envelop the brain and spinal cord
85
What are the three membranes of the meninges?
Dura mater Arachnoid Mater Pia mater
86
What is the first layer of the brain?
Skull
87
What is the second layer of the brain?
Dura Mater
88
What is the third layer of the brain?
Arachnoid Mater
89
What is the third layer of the brain?
Pia Mater
90
What sits in between the membranes is the meninges?
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)
91
What allows the central nervous system to contact the peripheral nervous system?
Efferent Neurons (Motor)
92
What allows the peripheral nervous system to contact the central nervous system?
Afferent Neurons (sensory)
93
What is the purpose of neurones?
Conduct nerve impulses
94
What is the neuroglia and it’s role?
It is a unique connective tissue that supports Neurons
95
How many more neuroglia is there compared to neurones?
10
96
What are dendrites?
An extension of the cell body White matter of the nervous system
97
What is white matter?
Areas of the CNS mainly made up of myelinated axons
98
What is grey matter in the brain? (2)
Contains most of the neuronal cell bodies Includes regions of the brain involved in muscle control and sensory perception such as seeing and hearing, memory, emotions, speech, decision making and self control
99
What is the cell body?
Formed of grey matter of the nervous system
100
Where is the cell body of a neurone found?
I’m the periphery of the brain and the centre of the spinal cord
101
What is the axon?
Extension of the cell body which can be either myelinated and unmyelinated
102
What do terminal boutons contain?
Contains neurotransmitters
103
What is myelin formed of?
Layers of Schwann cells plasma membrane wrapped around the axon
104
What is the purpose of myelin? (3)
Insulated the axon Transmits nerve impulses faster Prevents impulse from being lost
105
What is the purpose of Nodes of Ranvier? (2)
Assist in rapid transmission of nerve impulses Allows impulses to jump along axon known as Saltatory Conduction
106
What happens at the terminal boutons and why does this occur?
The impulse is changed from electrical to chemical This is because the nerves do not come into direct contact and therefore electricity can not be passed from one neurone to the next
107
What are neurotransmitters made of?
Nerve cells
108
Where are neurotransmitters stored?
Terminal boutons
109
What is the purpose of neurotransmitters?
Convey info from one neurone to the next
110
What is acetylcholine (Ach)?
One of the most abundant neurotransmitters in the body
111
What is the function of Ach?
Stimulates muscle contractions Memory and cognition
112
Where is Ach found?
CNS and PNS
113
What is a nerve?
Numerous neurones that are collected into bundles
114
What is afferent? (3)
Sensory Carry information from the body to the spinal cord Can be automatic
115
What is efferent? (3)
Motor Originate in the brain and spinal cord Transmit impulses to the effector organs: muscles and glands
116
What are the four types of neuroglia?
Astorcytes Oligodendrocytes Ependymal cells Microglia
117
What is the function of astrocytes?
Insulated parts of nerve cells that lack protective myelin sheath and helps oligodendrocytes create myelin sheath
118
What is the function of oligodendrocytes?
Provides support and insulation to axons in the CNS by forming myelin sheath
119
What is the function of ependymal cells?
Facilitated transport of hormones and other substances in the brain.
120
What is the function of microglia?
These are the primary immune cells of the CNS which responds to pathogens and injury migrating to sites of infection/injury where they destroy pathogens and remove damaged cells
121
What is sympathetic?
Fight or flight
122
What is parasympathetic?
Rest and digest
123
How many pairs of cranial nerves are there?
12
124
Where do cranial nerves originate from?
Nuclei within the brain
125
What is the vagus nerve?
It is the 10th cranial nerves which forms part of the parasympathetic nervous system
126
What are the key spinal nerves that you must know?
``` 8 Cervical 12 Thoracic 5 Lumbar 5 Sacral 1 Coccygeal ```
127
What may be some responses from sympathetic nervous system?
Increase heart rate (increase blood flow) Pupil dilation (see better) Reduced saliva secretion Faster breathing (more O2) Reduce digestion and urine production Vasodilation
128
What may be some responses from parasympathetic response?
Reduction in heart rate Pull constriction Increased saliva secretion Vasoconstriction Increase digestion and urine secretion Reduce breathing

Anatomy and Physiology (26 decks)

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