Renal System

Question 1

What does the renal system consists of?

Answer 1

Two kidneys
Two ureters
Bladder
Urethra

Question 2

What is the function of the renal system?

Answer 2

Bodies plumber

Removes waste that is found in urine : urea, uric acid, ions and certain drugs

Balance fluids and electrolytes

Question 3

What cavity is the kidneys located?

Answer 3

Abdominal cavity

Question 4

Where is the kidneys located roughly on the abdo split into 9?

Answer 4

Right and left lumbar region going partly into hypochondriac region

Question 5

Where is the kidneys located when abdo split into 4?

Answer 5

Right and left upper quadrant

Question 6

Where is the kidneys located compared to other organs?

Answer 6

Inferior to diaphragm

Inferior and posterior to liver

Posterior to intestine

Question 7

What shape is the kidneys?

Answer 7

Bean shaped

Question 8

What is the average size of an adult kidney?

Answer 8

5-7cm x 10-13cm

Question 9

What is the kidney?

Answer 9

A vascular organ

Question 10

What is the kidney protected by?

Answer 10

Fibrous capsule
Layer of fat
Contend of the abdomen
Muscles

Question 11

What do each kidney have?

Answer 11

Supply of blood

Adrenal gland

Question 12

What enzyme affects the adrenal gland?

Answer 12

Renin

Question 13

What does the enzyme renin do?

Answer 13

Regulates the body’s balance of fluids and electrolytes, which overall regulates blood pressure and sodium and water retention

Question 14

What are the key functions of the kidneys?

Answer 14

Formation of urine, maintaining water, electrolyte and acid-base balance

Excretion of waste products

Production and secretion of renin, an important enzyme in the control of blood pressure

Production and secretion of erythropoietin, the hormone that stimulates the formation of red blood cells

Question 15

What is the name of the capsule that surrounds the kidney?

Answer 15

Renal capsule

Question 16

What is the cortex of the kidney?

Answer 16

A reddish brown layer of tissue immediately below the capsule and outside the renal pyramids

Question 17

What are renal pyramids in the kidney?

Answer 17

Pale, conical shaped striating in the medulla inner mist layer

Question 18

What are calyces?

Answer 18

Chambers where the urine passes through

Question 19

Where do kidneys receive waste filled blood from?

Answer 19

Abdominal aorta

Question 20

How does the filtered blood return to circulation in the kidneys?

Answer 20

Renal vein

Question 21

How many nephrons do kidneys have?

Answer 21

1-2 million and even more collecting ducts

Question 22

What are the two main functions of the nephron?

Answer 22

Filter fluids, wastes and electrolytes, acids

Selectively reabsorb secreting ions allowing precise control of fluid and electrolyte balance

Question 23

What is the Bowmans capulse?

Answer 23

Surrounds the glomerulus

Question 24

What does the nephron consist of?

Answer 24

Glomerulus
Bowmans capsule
Proximal convoluted tubule
Loop of Henle
Distal convoluted tubule

Question 25

What prevents if cardiac output do kidneys receive?

Answer 25

20%

Question 26

What is the difference between the afferent and efferent arteriole?

Answer 26

Afferent has a larger diameter

Question 27

Why does the afferent arteriole have a larger diameter?

Answer 27

Drives filtration across the Bowmans capsule

Question 28

What aids filtration?

Answer 28

Fenestrations Basement membrane Podocytes (pedicles)

Question 29

Why is the Bowmans capsule more permeable than most capillaries?

Answer 29

It has flattened epithelium

Question 30

What nerves supplies the renal blood vessels?

Answer 30

Sympathetic and parasympathetic

Question 31

Where does filtration take place?

Answer 31

Takes place at the glomerulus

Question 32

What do fenestrations prevent?

Answer 32

Plasma proteins and larger molecules passing through

Question 33

What does blood or larger molecules like glucose in the urine suggest?

Answer 33

Damage in the fenestrations of the kidneys

Question 34

What is autoregulation?

Answer 34

Maintain blood pressure between 80-200mmHg independently of autonomic control

Question 35

What happens when blood pressure falls below 80mmHg in terms of the kidneys?

Answer 35

Selective reabsorption

Question 36

Where does selective reabsorption mainly take place?

Answer 36

Proximal convoluted tubule

Question 37

What are the walls of the proximal convoluted tubule lined with?

Answer 37

Microvilli

Question 38

What are the three main substances reabsorbed in the PCT?

Answer 38

Water Electrolytes Glucose

Question 39

What percentage of filtrate reaches the medullary loop (loop of Henle) ?

Answer 39

60-70%

Question 40

What electrolytes are reabsorbed in the medullary loop (loop of Henle) ?

Answer 40

Sodium and chloride

Question 41

What percentage of the original filter are reaches the DCT?

Answer 41

15-20%

Question 42

Why don’t all substances get filtered at the glomerulus?

Answer 42

Short filtration time | Happens with aspirin and penicillin

Question 43

Where is the substances removed from at the glomerulus?

Answer 43

Peritubular capillaries

Question 44

What happens in DCT?

Answer 44

Balancing of concentrates

Question 45

What is water excited through? (4)

Answer 45

Urine Sweat Expired air Faeces

Question 46

What volume of urine needs to be produced per day to expel waste products?

Answer 46

500ml

Question 47

Where does the urine leave the kidney?

Answer 47

Ureter

Question 48

What is ureters?

Answer 48

Tubes that connect each kidney to the bladder

Question 49

Which kidney and ureter is higher than the other?

Answer 49

Left

Question 50

What is the length of the left ureter?

Answer 50

30cm

Question 51

What is the diameter of the ureter?

Answer 51

3mm

Question 52

What are the three layers of the ureters?

Answer 52

Outer fibrous coat: Holds ureter in place Muscularis: Contains smooth muscle Mucosa: Inner layer

Question 53

What is the functions of the ureter? (3)

Answer 53

Acts as conduits that carry urine from kidneys to bladder Peristaltic waves occurring 1-5 times a minute channel the urine to bladder When pressure rises the utters are compressed, which prevents backflow from bladder

Question 54

What is the structure of ureter? (3)

Answer 54

Fibrous Smooth muscle Transitional epithelium

Question 55

What is the characteristics of the bladder?

Answer 55

Hollow Sphere shaped Muscular organ

Question 56

What are the three layers of the bladder?

Answer 56

Outer layer of loose connective tissue Middle layer smooth muscle layers which when contracts empties the bladder (detrusor muscle) Inner mucosa layer (transitional epithelium)

Question 57

How many opening does the base of the bladder have and leading to where?

Answer 57

Three Two for the ureters and third connect bladder to urethra

Question 58

Where is the bladder located?

Answer 58

Anterior and inferior to the pelvic cavity

Question 59

What is the function of the bladder?

Answer 59

Store tribe

Question 60

What is the adult capacity for storing urine?

Answer 60

500-600ml

Question 61

What happens when the bladder has filled with urine?

Answer 61

Nerves in the bladder wall relax the sphincter allowing urine to empty into urethra

Question 62

What is the urethra?

Answer 62

Small duct that channels urge me from the bladder to the outside wall

Question 63

Where is the urethra for females?

Answer 63

Urethra embedded in anterior wall of the vagina behind the symphysis pubis

Question 64

Where is the urethra located in males?

Answer 64

Urethra passes through the prostate gland, through the urogenital diaphragm and penis. The male urethra serves as a passageway for semen as well as urine