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Anatomy and Physiology > Cells Tissues Organs > Flashcards

Cells Tissues Organs Flashcards

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1
Q

What percentage of water in the body is found in cells?

A

38%

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2
Q

What percentage of body mass is made up of water?

A

60%

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3
Q

What is the plasma membrane composed of?

A

Two layers of fatty substances called phospholipids

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4
Q

What makes the plasma membrane partially permeable?

A

Hydrophilic phosphate heads (interact with water) and hydrophobic fatty acid tails (don’t interact with water and shielded in by phosphate heads.

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5
Q

What is diffusion?

A

The movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration down a concentration gradient

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6
Q

What is osmosis?

A

It is the net movement of water from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration against a concentration gradient

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7
Q

What is active transport?

A

The movement of substances moving from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration against the concentration gradient using energy in the form of ATP

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8
Q

What is a cell?

A

The fundamental unit of all living organisms

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9
Q

What is a plasma membrane?

A

It is also known as the cell surface membrane that coats a cell controlling what enters and exits the cell

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10
Q

What is the cytoplasm?

A

Jelly-like substance that makes the matrix of the cell

It is where all chemical reactions take place

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11
Q

What is the nucleus?

A

It is an organelle that controls the activities of the cell and is also involved in cell division

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12
Q

What is the rough endoplasmic reticulum?

A

It is continuous with the nucleus and produces and packages proteins to be transported to the Golgi apparatus

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13
Q

What are ribosomes?

A

It is tiny granules composed of RNA and protein

They make proteins from amino acids and are involved in metabolism in the cell

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14
Q

What is the smooth endoplasmic reticulum responsible for?

A

Synthesis lipids, steroid hormones, detoxification of harmful metabolic by-products and storage and metabolism of calcium ions within the cell

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15
Q

What is the Golgi apparatus responsible for?

A

Folded membranous sacks that package proteins into secretory vesicles which are either released out of the cell from the CSM or remains in the cell as lysosomes if it contains hydrolytic enzymes

Also modifies proteins during protein synthesis by adding carbohydrates

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16
Q

What is the mitochondria responsible for?

A

Aerobic respiration carried out and adenine triphosphate (ATP) is produced

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17
Q

What are the tiny protein fibres that make up the cytoskeleton?

A

Microfilaments
Microtubules
Centrosomes
Cell extensions

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18
Q

What are the actin filaments (aka microfilaments) responsible for?

A

Helps maintain the cell shape also helping in cell movement

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19
Q

What are the microtubules responsible for?

A

They are large proteins responsible for the movement of organelles by creating tracks and is involved in cell division in the metaphase and anaphase where the cell chromosomes first line up in the metaphase plate and is then pulled to either side of the cell to the poles separating them.

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20
Q

What are the intermediate filaments responsible for?

A

Rigidity of the cell and the positioning of the organelles within

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21
Q

What is a differentiated cell?

A

A cell that has the ability to differentiate/change into any cell type to carry out a particular function

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22
Q

Where are goblet cells found?

A

In the bronchi and bronchioles

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23
Q

What do goblet cells do and why?

A

They secrete mucous which captures and traps invading pathogens and foreign particles within the respiratory pathway

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24
Q

What are cilia responsible for?

A

They are hair-like structures that move in a rhythmic manner and woft the mucous containing foreign partciles up and out of the respiratory pathway into the mouth where it is swallowed and digested

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25
Where is the islets of Langerhans found?
In the pancreas
26
What cells are in the islets of Langerhans?
Alpha and beta cells
27
What is the alpha cells responsible for?
Production and secretion of glucagon in order to raise blood sugar levels
28
What is the beta cells responsible for?
Production and secretion of insulin in order to reduce blood sugar levels
29
What is a neuron?
A specialised cell that transmits information in the form of nerve impulses or action potentials from one area to another through saltatory conduction where the electrical impulse jumps across the axon in the gaps known as the Node of Ranvier
30
What is the function of the cell body?
integrate synaptic information and transmit information to other cells via the axon
31
What is the function of the axon?
Transmits nerve impulses away from the cell body
32
What are the dendrites responsible for?
They are projections of a neuron that receive signals from other neurons and transmit impulses towards the cell body
33
What is the function of the myelin sheath?
It is a lipid-rich substance that surrounds parts of the axon insulating it and increases the rate of nerve impulse transmission along the axon
34
What is the function of the Schwann cell?
It is in the centre of the myelin sheath and is known as a myelin-secreting glial cell They form the myelin sheath They support nerve regeneration
35
What is the Node of Ranvier?
It is the gap in-between each individual myelin sheath It is involved in saltatory conduction
36
What is multiple sclerosis?
It is a progressive disease causing damage to the myelin sheath of the nerve cells in the brain and spinal cord
37
What are erythrocytes (RBC) responsible for?
Transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide
38
Why do RBC have no nucleus (enucleated)?
To maximise surface area to ensure maximum oxygen capacity
39
Where are RBC formed and destroyed?
Made in the bone marrow and destroyed in the spleen
40
What is passive transport?
Substances move down a concentration gradient without the use of energy needed to facilitate the movement of substances
41
What are the three types of passive transport?
Diffusion Facilitated diffusion Osmosis
42
What does DNA stand for?
Deoxyribonucleic Acid
43
What is the DNA structured?
Double helix Sugar-phosphate backbone 4 nitrogenous bases - A, T, C, G
44
What do the A, T, C, G bases stand for?
Adenine Thymine Cytosine Guanine
45
What is DNA composed of?
Condensed chromosomes
46
How many chromosomes do humans have?
46
47
How many pairs of chromosomes do humans have?
23
48
What causes genetic variation in DNA?
Crossing-over, mutations and replication errors in DNA replication and division process
49
What is mitosis?
It is the division of a cell resulting to the production of genetically identical diploid daughter cells
50
What is the four stages of mitosis?
``` Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase Cytokinesis ```
51
What is the role of mitosis?
Produce body cells
52
What is the role of interphase in mitosis?
Growth DNA replication Cell functions
53
How are chromosomes in DNA counted?
The number of centromeres
54
How many chromosomes is there before and after mitosis?
46 before and after mitosis
55
How many chromatids is there before and after mitosis?
46 before and 92 after mitosis
56
What is the process of prophase?
The nucleus is still present | Chromosomes are visible as they coil and condense
57
What is the process of metaphase?
Nucleus no longer present Nuclear envelope disintegrates Chromosomes line up in the centre of the metaphase plate
58
What is the process of anaphase?
The chromosomes are pulled to either side of the cell to the poles where the sister chromatids are separated This happens when the spindle fibres attach to the centromeres of the chromosomes dragging them along the cytoplasm to either centrioles
59
What is the process of telophase?
Chromosomes are now on two sides of the cell Nucleus begins forming on both sides Two identical nuclei are produced
60
What is the process of cytokinesis?
Here the cytoplasm begins splitting forming a cleavage furrow This then produces two genetically identical diploid daughter cells
61
What are the four types of body tissue?
Epithelial Connective Nervous Muscle
62
Where is epithelial tissue located?
It covers and lines membrane surfaces, so is protective in nature
63
What two properties can epithelial tissue have?
Simple or stratified
64
What is simple epithelial tissue?
Composed of single layer of identical cells Not in areas of wear and tear Found mostly in areas of absorption and secretion
65
What is simple squamous epithelial tissue?
Flattened Efficient diffusion pathway Commonly found in endocardium of the heart, blood vessels and the alveoli of the lungs
66
What is simple cuboidal epithelial tissue?
Involved in secretion, absorption and excretion Most commonly found in kidney tubules and some glands
67
What is simple columnar epithelial tissue?
Found lining many organs | There is two types which is ciliated and non-ciliated
68
What is ciliated columnar epithelial tissue?
Cilia on outer surface that wafts mucus in one direction in the respiratory tract and transports it to the mouth where it is swallowed and digested
69
What is stratified squamous epithelium tissue?
Several layers of cells and continuous cell division pushes the lower layers of cells closer to the surface Protects underlying structures from damage Skin is an example
70
What is transitional epithelial tissue?
Pear-shaped and found in urinary tract Allows foe stretching
71
What are the two types of glands?
Endocrine and exocrine gland
72
What is the role of an endocrine gland?
Secretes hormones directly into the bloodstream
73
What is the role of an exocrine gland?
Secretes enzymes and mucus onto a free surface via ducts
74
What organs is both endocrine and exocrine?
Pancreas
75
How is the pancreas endocrine?
Production of hormones such as insulin and glucagon
76
How is the pancreas exocrine?
Production of enzymes used in digestive tract used to breakdown proteins, lipids, carbohydrates and nucleic acids etc
77
What is connective tissue?
Most abundant tissue
78
What is the primary functions of connective tissue?
Binding and structural support Protection Transport Insulation
79
What are some examples of connective tissue?
``` Blood Bone Cartilage Adipose tissue Lymphoid tissue ```
80
What are the five cells found in connective tissue?
Collagen and elastic fibres formed by fibroblasts Adipose or fat cells Macrophages engulf and digest cell debris Leukocytes (WBC) Mast cells involved in inflammatory response
81
What is loose connective tissue?
Found all over the body and supports and connects other tissues
82
What are some examples of where loose connective tissue can be found?
``` Under skin Between muscles Supporting blood vessels and nerves In the alimentary canal (passage for food) In glands supporting secretory cells ```
83
What is dense connective tissue?
More fibres and less cells than loose connective tissue
84
What are the two types of dense connective tissue?
Fibrous tissue | Elastic fibres
85
What is fibrous tissue?
A dense connective tissue found in ligaments, periosteum (the outer layer of the bones), protecting covering of organs, such as the brain and in muscle sheaths and tendons
86
What is elastic fibre tissue?
Found in large blood vessels, the trachea and the bronchi Extension and recoil
87
What is cartilage?
More solid than any other tissue
88
What is cartilage composed of?
collagen and elastic fibres
89
What is adipose tissue?
Collection of fat cells
90
Where is cartilage found?
``` Bone Airways Joints Blood vessels In the ear ```
91
What is the two types of adipose tissue?
White and brown
92
What is white adipose tissue?
Accounts for 20-25% of body weight Supports organs such as the kidneys and the eyes
93
Where is white adipose tissue stored?
Between muscle fibres and under the skin (subcutaneous)
94
What is brown adipose tissue?
Present only in the new-born When metabolised, produces less energy but much more heat, so keeps infants warm
95
What is blood?
A connective tissue used to transport substances around the body
96
What are bone cells also known as?
Osteocytes
97
What are bone cells surrounded by?
Collagen fibres
98
What does muscle tissue need to contract?
Oxygen Calcium Nutrients
99
What is the main property of muscle tissue?
Contract and relax
100
Why does muscle tissue need adequate blood supply?
To remove waste products
101
What are the three types of muscle?
Smooth Skeletal Cardiac
102
What is the main property of smooth muscle?
Non-striated
103
What is smooth muscle?
Involuntary | Stimulated by ANS and some hormones
104
Where is smooth muscle located?
Areas where dilation and constriction occurs such as the blood vessels, alimentary tract (digestive tract) and the urinary bladder
105
What is the main property of skeletal muscle?
Striated and generally voluntary
106
Where is the skeletal muscle found?
Skeleton
107
Where is cardiac muscle found?
In the heart and not under conscious control (ANS)
108
What is an important characteristic of cardiac muscle?
Cells are branched so that nerve impulses can radiate across the heart
109
What are nerve cells also known as?
Neurons
110
What are the two types of membranes?
Epithelial and synovial
111
What are epithelial membranes made of?
Epithelial tissue and connective tissue
112
Where is epithelial membranes found?
lining internal structures
113
What are the two types of epithelial tissue?
Mucous membranes and serous membranes
114
What is serous membranes?
Secretes watery fluid called serous fluid in areas of high friction, such as between the layers of pleura (in the lungs) and between the layers of pericardium in the heart
115
Where is synovial membranes located?
found within moveable joints which lubricate and nourish

Anatomy and Physiology (26 decks)

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