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Anatomy and Physiology > Gastrointestinal System (GI) > Flashcards

Gastrointestinal System (GI) Flashcards

(100 cards)

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1
Q

What is the GI system a collective name for?

A

The alimentary canal, accessory organs and digestive processes

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2
Q

Where does the alimentary canal begin, pass through, and end at?

A

It begins at the mouth, passes through thorax, abdomen and pelvis, before ending at anus

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3
Q

What do digestive processes do?

A

Break down foods until they can be absorbed in the form of amino acids, mineral salts, fat and vitamins

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4
Q

What does the absorption of amino acids, mineral salts, fat and vitamins from food help create?

A 
Cells
Hormones
Enzymes
Energy
Waste disposal
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5
Q

What organs are in the alimentary canal/GI Tract?

A 
Mouth
Pharynx
Oesophagus
Stomach
Small intestine 
Large intestine
Rectum
Anal canal
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6
Q

What are the accessory muscles used in the digestive system?

A 
Salivary glands
Pancras
Liver
Biliary ducts
Gall bladder
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7
Q

What is the abdomen split into? (4)

A

Right upper quadrant
Left upper quadrant
Right lower quadrant
Left lower quadrant

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8
Q

What organs are located in the right hypochondriac region?

A

Liver
Gallbladder
Right kidney

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9
Q

What organs are located in the epigastric region?

A

Stomach
Liver
Pancreas
Right and left kidney

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10
Q

What organs are located in the left hypochondriac region?

A

Stomach
Liver (tip)
Left kidney
Spleen

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11
Q

What organs are located in the right lumbar region?

A

Liver (tip)
Small intestines
Ascending colon
Right kidney

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12
Q

What organs are located in the umbilical region?

A

Stomach
Pancreas
Small intestines
Transverse colon

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13
Q

What organs are located in the left lumbar region?

A

Small intestines
Descending colon
Left kidney

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14
Q

What organs are located in the right iliac region?

A

Small intestines
Appendix
Cecum
Ascending colon

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15
Q

What organs are located in the hypogastric/suprapubic region?

A

Small intestines
Sigmoid colon
Bladder

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16
Q

What organs are located in the left iliac region?

A

Small intestines
Descending colon
Sigmoid colon

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17
Q

What are the digestive processes? (5)

A

Ingestion - eating and drinking

Propulsion - mixing and moving

Digestion - mechanical breakdown (eg. mastication which is the chewing of food) and chemical digestion (enzymes)

Absorption - some digested food passes through some of the digestive tract organ walls in to circulation.

Elimination - some food cannot be digested and absorbed

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18
Q

What is the peritoneum?

A

A closed sac containing small amount of serous fluid within abdominal cavity

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19
Q

What is the purpose of the peritoneum?

A

Provides barrier to stop spread of infection

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20
Q

What are the two layers of the peritoneum?

A

Parietal layer - lines abdo wall

Visceral layer - covers organs within abdo and pelvic cavity

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21
Q

What is the mouth also known as?

A

Oral cavity

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22
Q

What is the oral cavity lined with?

A

Mucous membrane

Stratified squamous epithelium containing mucus secreting glands

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23
Q

What is between the gums and cheek?

A

Vestibule

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24
Q

What is the mucous membrane on the cheeks and lips continuous with?

A

The skin of the face

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25
What is the palate in the oral cavity split into?
Hard and soft palate
26
What is the hard palette formed by?
Maxilla and palatine bones
27
What is the uvula?
Curved fold muscle hanging from soft palate
28
What is the tongue?
A voluntary muscle
29
Where is the base of the tongue attached?
To the hyoid bone and a fold of mucous membrane called frenulum
30
What region of the tongue contains taste receptors?
It superiorly has papillae (projections) containing these
31
What is the four functions of the tongue?
Chewing (mastication) Swallowing (deglutition) Speech Taste
32
What are the three main salivary glands?
Parotid Submandibular Subligual
33
What is saliva?
A combination of secretions from salivary glands and mucus secreting glands of oral mucosa
34
How many litres a day of saliva is produced?
1.5 litres
35
What does saliva consist of?
Water Salts Salivary amylase (enzyme to break down sugar) Mucus Lysozyme (protects against bacteria) Immunoglobulins (protect against infection) Blood clotting factors
36
What are five functions of saliva?
Aid digestion of polysaccharides (complex sugars) Lubricate food Cleaning and lubrications mouth - preventing damage to mucous membrane Non-specific defence to infection Taste - taste buds only stimulate when chemical substance is in solution. If no saliva, try food would not taste of anything
37
What 3 sections is the pharynx spilt into?
Oropharynx Nasopharynx Laryngopharynx
38
What two pharynxes are passages for both the respiratory and digestive systems?
Oropharynx and laryngopharynx
39
How long is the oesophagus?
25cm long
40
What is the diameter of the oesophagus?
2cm wife
41
Where does the oesophagus lie?
In the median plane of the thorax, anterior to vertebral column
42
What is the oesophagus continuous with?
Pharynx
43
What is the purpose of the oesophagus?
Joins the stomach just below diaphragm allowing food to pass through
44
Where does the oesophagus join to the stomach?
Around the level of the 10th thoracic vertebrae
45
What is the cavity above the diaphragm?
Thoracic cavity
46
Where are the sphincters on the oesophagus?
At the superior and inferior ends
47
What shape is the oesophagus before entering the stomach and why?
Sharp curve upwards to reduce regurgitation
48
What is the function of the mouth, pharynx and oesophagus in the digestive system?
Form a volume Mastication by teeth Moved around mouth by tongue and cheek muscles Mixed with saliva Formed into soft bolus Amount of time this takes depends on food
49
What happens in stage 1 of deglutition (swallowing)?
Mouth closed Voluntary muscles tongue and cheeks push bolus towards pharynx
50
What happens in stage 2 of deglutition (swallowing)?
muscles of pharynx stimulated reflex action Involuntary contraction of these muscles push bolus in to oesophagus All other routes closed Soft palate rises to close Nasopharynx Tongue and pharyngeal folds block entry in to oral cavity Larynx lifts up and forward so is opening is occluded by epiglottis
51
What happens in stage 3 of deglutition (swallowing)?
Presence of bolus Stimulates wave of peristalsis through oesophagus Cardiac sphincter relaxes
52
What shape is the stomach?
J shaped
53
Where is the stomach located in the regions of the stomach? (Hypochondriac etc)
Epigastric region Umbilical region Left hypochondriac region
54
What is the stomach continuous with?
Oesophagus at cardiac sphincter and duodenum at pyloric sphincter
55
What are the 3 regions of the stomach?
Fundus Body Pyloric
56
How many layers does the stomach have?
3
57
What are the three layers of the stomach?
Outer layer longitudinal fibres Middle layer circular fibres Inner layer oblique fibres
58
What do the different arrangement of the layers of the stomach allow?
Churning motion Peristaltic movement
59
What is gastric mucosa?
Mucous membrane layer of the stomach contains glands and gastric pits
60
What do the specialised cells that secrete gastric juice secrete?
Gastric juice
61
Where is the mucosa gastric gland positioned?
Sits inferior to the surface of the stomach within the mucous membrane
62
How much food can the stomach of an adult hold?
1.5L
63
What do gastric muscles do?
Churn food to break it down in to a bolus and mix it with gastric juice
64
What pushes the bolus toward the pylorus?
Peristaltic waves
65
What closed when the stomach is active?
Pyloric sphincter
66
What is the purpose do strong peristaltic contact of the pylorus?
Forces chyme through pyloric sphincter in to duodenum in small bits
67
What is chyme in the stomach?
Partly digested food that is expelled by the stomach, through the pyloric valve, into the duodenum at the beginning of the small intestine
68
What are some of the functions of the stomach?
Temporary storage to allow enzymes to act Chemical digestion Mechanical breakdown Limited absorption water, medication Non specific defence against microbes Prep for absorption of iron Secretion of intrinsic factor needed for vitamin B12 absorption Regulation of passage of gastric contents in to duodenum Secretion of gastric (hormone)
69
How many litres of gastric juice is secreted approximately everyday?
2L
70
When is secretion of the gastric juice max?
1 hour after meal
71
When does secretion return to fasting level for gastric juice?
4 hours after
72
What does gastric juice consist of?
``` Water Mineral salts Mucus Hydrochloric acid Intrinsic factor Inactive enzyme precursors ```
73
What are some of the functions of gastric juice? (5)
Water - further liquifies Hydrochloric acid - acidified food and stops action of salivary amylase. Kills ingested microbes. Provides acid environment for effective digestion Pepsinogens - activates to pepsins by HCL. They are enzymes that break down proteins. Intrinsic factor - a protein needed for absorption of vitamin B12 Mucus - prevents injury to stomach wall by keeping it lubricated
74
What is the small intestine continuous with?
Pyloric sphincter
75
How long is the small intestine?
Less than 5m
76
What does the small intestine lead to?
Large intestine at ileocaecal valve
77
What happens in the small intestine?
Chemical digestion completed Absorption nutrients
78
What are the three parts of the small intestine?
Duodenum Jejunum Ileum
79
How long is the duodenum do the small intestine?
25cm
80
How long is the jejunum of the small intestine?
2m
81
How long is the ileum of the small intestine?
3m
82
What are some of the functions of the small intestine?
Movement of peristalsis Secretion of intestinal juice (1.5L a day) Completion chemical digestion Protect against infection due to presence of lymph follicles Secretion of digestive hormones Absorption nutrients
83
What does chyme mix with?
Pancreatic juice, bile and intestinal juice
84
What is the pancreatic juice secreted from?
Pancreas
85
What does pancreatic juice consist of?
Water Mineral salts Enzymes (amylase, lipase, nucleases) Inactive enzyme precursors (trypsinogen and chymotrypsinogen)
86
What is bile secreted by?
Liver
87
Where is bile stored?
Gall bladder
88
What pH is bile?
8
89
What pH is intestinal juice?
7.8-8.0
90
How much bile is secreted daily?
500ml-1L
91
What does bile consist of?
Water Mineral salts Mucus Bile salts Bile pigment (mainly bilirubin) Cholesterol
92
What are some functions of bile?
Bile salt - emulsifies fats Bile pigment (bilirubin) - waste product of breakdown of erythrocytes, excreted in bile Deodorise faeces
93
Where are Most digestive enzymes located?
In small intestine within erythrocytes of wall of the microvilli
94
What are the enzymes in intestinal juice?
``` Peptidases Lipase Sucrase Maltase Lactase ```
95
How long is the large intestine?
1.5m
96
What is the diameter of the large intestine?
6.5cm
97
Where does the large intestine begin?
Caecum in the right iliac fossa
98
Where does the large intestine end?
Ends at rectum and anal canal
99
What sections is the large intestine divided into?
Caecum, colon, sigmoid colon, rectum, anal canal
100
What is the function of the large intestine? (4)
Water absorption through osmosis until right consistency of faeces, some meds, salts and vitamins Microbial activity - lots of bacteria which is harmless unless transferred to wrong area. Gases produced by bacteria fermentation. Mass movement - peristaltic movements only about twice an hour Defaecation - contraction of abdo muscles and lowering of diaphragm assists

Anatomy and Physiology (26 decks)

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