Blood pathologies Flashcards by Miranda Holder

Anaemia - a deficiency of what

red blood cells/faulty or in the haemoglobin content

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

general signs/symptoms anaemia

tachycardia, thin pulse
palpitations
shortness of breath
fainting
fatigue
irritability
pallor
yellow eyes
muscular weakness
changed stool colour
hypotension
enlarged spleen

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

7 types anaemia

sickle cell
thalessanaemia
iron deficiency
B12/B9 deficiency
Megablastic
Haemolysis
Pernicious anaemia

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Iron deficiency anaemia also known as

hypochromic anaemia

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Less haemoglobin in the blood causes erythrocytes to appear

hypochromic - paler

microcytic - smaller

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

causes hypochromic anaemia

diet/malabsorption of iron 
chronic blood loss
peptic ulcers
prolonged menstruation
intestinal ulceration
hookworm infection
pregnancy childbirth

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

signs symptoms hypo chromic anaemia

general anaemia symptoms plus
brittle hair
spoon shaped nails
inflammation mouth/tongue
menstrual irregularities
delayed healing

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

complementary treatment hypo chromic anaemia

cause!
iron rich food - dark green veg, beetroot, meat
iron supplements

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

describe the erythrocytes in megaloblastic anaemia

large
immature
dysfunctional

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

what two nutrients are required for DNA synthesis

B12, folic acid

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

what happens to cells if there is a deficiency of B12 & folic acid

cells cannot mature & divide but they can grow

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

causes megaloblastic anaemia

diet deficient in folic acid or b12 or both
lack of intrinsic factor
gastrectomy
chronic gastritis
bariatric surgery
stomach tumours
coeliac disease
excessive alcohol
chemotherapy

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

most common form of vit B12 deficiency anaemia

pernicious anaemia

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

what type of disease is pernicious anaemia

auto immune

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

what happens in pernicious anaemia

antibodies destroy instrinsic factor (IF) and parietal cells in the stomach

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

why does B12 need intrinsic factor ?

It activates it in the body
IF made in stomach
why gastric bands a bad idea

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

In megaloblastic anaemia how is b12 deficiency anaemia different to B9 defic. anaemia

B9 identical to B12 but NO NEUROLOGICAL DAMAGE

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

when does your need for B9 increase

pregnancy

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

treatment magaloblastic B9 deficiency anaemia

folate supplementation - green plants

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

could pernicious be the cause of megaloblastic anamia

yes

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

to avoid anaemia always check the following 3 supplement are in your diet

B12 9

Iron

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

a lack of B12 can lead to what problems

nerve neurological

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

megaloblastic anaemia vit B12 def. symptoms

general anaemia symptoms
plus big red sore shiny tongue, 
cuts side of mouth
digestive discomfort
nausea
diarrhoea
loss of coordination

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

complications B12 def megaloblastic anaemia

Nerve degeneration - not B9

Ulceration of tongue

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

treatment B12 def megaloblastic anaemia

B12 injections

hypoplastic & aplastic anaemia mean

no or few erythrocytes in the bone marrow

causes hypoplastic/aplastic anaemia

bone marrow failure - drugs, chemicals, radiation, kidney disease, cancer, hepatitis

symptoms hypoplastic/aplastic anaemia

pancytopenia general anaemia symptoms multiple infections - low white blood cell count easy bleeding - low thrombocyte count

complications hypoplastic/aplastic anaemia

congestive heart failure

treatment hypo plastic/aplastic anaemia -

cause blood transfusion bone marrow transplant

what are haemolytic anaemias

anaemia resulting from EXCESSIVE BREAKDOWN of RBCs

causes haemolytic anaemias

``` genetic (sickle cell, thalassaemia) drugs, chemicals, radiation malaria autoimmune incompatibility between mother/child ```

symptoms of haemolytic anaemias

``` general symptoms plus jaundice gallstones enlarged spleen delayed growth/development frequent infections vascular occlusions ```

treatment haemolytic anaemias

traet cause, blood transfusion, bone marrow transplant

what disease does sickle cell anaemia protect against

malaria

what is sickle cell anaemia

haemolytic anaemia inherited/genetic abnormality of haemoglobin sickle shaped DEOXYGENATED erythrocytes

how long do sickle cell anaemia erythrocytes live

only 20 days - not long enough for malaria | leads to low numbers

what is there a higher risk of forming with sickle cell anaemia

thrombus

sickle cell anaemia more common in

africans

what is splenomegaly

enlarged spleen

which type of gene passes on thalassaemia (haemolytic anaemia)

RECESSIVE

thalassaemia results in faulty

haemoglobin

thalassaemia more common in

african, south asian, mediterraneans

thalassaemia leads to

HAEMOLYSIS low RBCs low HAEMOGLOBINS

what does the mother make in haemolytic disease of the newborn

antibodies to the baby's erythrocytes - usually with rhesus factor incompatibility

what happens with the babies in haemolytic disease of the newborn

sensitisation with first baby, | attacks baby 2 and subsequent

which parasite causes malaria

plasmodium

where does the plasmodium parasite mature

inside RBC which enlarge and eventually rupture | releasing next gen of parasites

polycythaemia also known as

erythrocytosis

what is polycythaemia/erythrocytosis

too many erythrocytes

what does polycythaemia/erythrocytosis result in

increased bloof viscosity reduced blood flow increased risk of thrombosis

physiological cause of polycythaemia

high altitude

symptoms polycythaemia

``` asymptomatic if mild hypertension red skin headaches dizziness bleeding problems ```

difference ischaemia/hypoxia

hypoxia deficient oxygen to tissue | ischaemia deficient blood

complications polycthaemia

blood clots/heart attacks

treatment polycythaemia

cause | prevent clots

what is granulocytopenia

DECREASE in no of granulocyte WBCs

causes granulocytopenia

``` drugs radiation bone marrow diseases severe infections HIV/AIDS ```

symptoms granulocytopenia

severe illness | necrosis of mucous tissues

treatment granulocytopenia

cause | support immunity - echinacea, vit C, A, D zinc

what is the marked INCREASE in the number of granulocyte WBCs known as

Leukocytosis

what is leukaemia

a form of bone marrow cancer - increases WBCs suppresses production of erythrocytes & thrombocytes

4 types leukaemia

lymphoblastic/lymphocytic - acute/chronic | myeloid/myelogenous - acute/chronic

symptoms leukaemia

``` illness anaemia, pallor, shortness breath easy bruising fever fatigue weight loss slow growth slow healing ```

allopathic treatment leukaemia

3 phases of chemotherapy - remission induction consolidation maintenance therapy

most serious form of leukaemia

chronic myeloid - usually death in 5 years | chronics usually worse than acute

what is the condition known as where you have low numbers of thrombocytes caused by bone marrow suppression

thrombocytopenia

symptoms thrombocytopenia

prolonged bleeding excessive bruising purpura/petechiae

casuses thrombocytopenia

leukaemia radiation/drugs/chemo measles/hepatitis autoimmune destruction

name for genetic condition - low numbers thrombocytes

haemophilia

difference haemophilia/thrombocytopenia

thrombo - bone marrow suppression by drugs/illness | haemo - genetic

symptoms haemophilia

prolonged/severe bleeding blood in urine/faeces haemarthrosis - bleeding in joints

causes haemophilia

genetic - deficiency clotting factors

what genetic pattern does haemophilia follow

X LINKED RECESSIVE -

haemophilia more common in which gender

boys

treatment haemophilia

replace clotting factors - no cure

Which is most common of all inherited bleeding disorders

Von Willebrand Disease vWD

What is Von Willebrand Disease

vWF factor - a coagulation protein is deficient or abnormal

symptoms von willebrand disease

usually asymptomatic detected more in women with heavy periods/blood loss childbirth varying degrees of bleeding tendency - easy bruising, nose bleeds, gum bleeds

causes

genetic

genetic pattern of Von Willebrand Disease

autosomal dominant - affects M/F equally

Blood pathologies Flashcards

(81 cards)