Pulse, BP, Cholesterol

Question 1

Effect of sympathetic nervous system on whole cardiovascular system

Answer 1

increases rate/strength of contraction

constricts BVs

Question 2

effect of parasympathetic nervous system on whole CV systen

Answer 2

decreases rate/strength of contraction

little influence on BVs

Question 3

Other factors affecting rate/strength of cardio contraction

Answer 3

hormones
age
gender
body position
exercise
stress
temperature

Question 4

hearts electrical system known as

Answer 4

cardiac conduction system

Question 5

2 nodes in cardiac conduction system

Answer 5

Sinoatrial (SA)

Atrioventricular (AV)

Question 6

Role of SINOATRIAL NODE

Answer 6

INITIATES contraction 
- creates electrical impulse 
- speeds through atria walls = contract
PACE MAKER of heart sets RATE & RYTHM
impulse travels to AV node

Question 7

Role of ATRIOVENTRICULAR node

Answer 7

RELAY STATION
impulses relayed to
ATRIOVENTRICULAR BUNDLE
(Bundle of his)

Question 8

bottom of heart called

Answer 8

apex

Question 9

Impulse travels from Atrioventricular bundle to

Answer 9

R & L bundle branches (RBB & LBB) to APEX

Question 10

After apex impulse travels -

Answer 10

up PURKINJE FIBRES in ventricles = contract

back to SA node - cycle repeats

Question 11

ECG stands for

Answer 11

Electrocardiography

Question 12

waves of ECG

Answer 12

P
QRS
T

Question 13

how ECG works

Answer 13

study size/shape waves
time between waves
rate/regularity beating abnormalities

Question 14

P waves record

Answer 14

electrical activity hearts atria

Question 15

QRS waves record

Answer 15

electrical activity hearts Ventricles

Question 16

T waves record

Answer 16

hearts return to resting state

Question 17

describe pulse

Answer 17

blood pressure wave originating from heart

Question 18

4 pulse points

Answer 18

radial - wrist
carotid - neck
dorsalis pedis - medial to big toe
posterior tibial - superior to medial malleolus

Question 19

how pulse differs new born - adult

Answer 19

slows
newborn 130
ave adult 70-90

Question 20

What is venous return

Answer 20

rate of blood flow back to heart

Question 21

Venous return relies on 4 things -

Answer 21

body position (gravity, feet up etc)
skeletal muscle pump/muscular contraction (GN esp)
respiratory pump
valves

Question 22

What is systolic blood pressure

or systole

Answer 22

measure of BP while heart CONTRACTS

force that drives blood out of heart

Question 23

what is diastolic BP

or diastole

Answer 23

measure of BP while heart RELAXES

normal rhythmically occurring relaxation/dilation of heart

Question 24

why is BP lower in veins than arteries

Answer 24

velocity decreased as get further away from heart,

lumen in vein larger than artery

Question 25

top/bottom numbers BP

Answer 25

top systolic | bottom diastolic

Question 26

describe skeletal muscle pump

Answer 26

muscle action squeezes veins | forces blood back up to heart

Question 27

Why is a 'cool down' important after exercise rather than stopping

Answer 27

as gives muscles a chance to squeeze veins = blood back up to heart for reoxygenation

Question 28

what is respiratory pump

Answer 28

breathing movements that force blood to flow to heart

Question 29

describe muscular movements of respiratory pump which aid venous return

Answer 29

INSPIRATION - intercostals>up - diaphragm>down | EXPIRATION - intercostals/diaphagm relax

Question 30

What do valves prevent

Answer 30

backflow of blood

Question 31

define tachycardia

Answer 31

rapid heart rate >100/min

Question 32

define bradycardia

Answer 32

slow heart rate <60-50/min

Question 33

define cardiac output

Answer 33

volume of blood being pumped out by heart per minute

Question 34

equation for cardiac output

Answer 34

stroke volume x heart rate

Question 35

define cardiac stroke volume

Answer 35

amount of blood pumped at each beat

Question 36

average cardiac output

Answer 36

5 litres per minute | 5 L/min

Question 37

What is the push | a force that drives blood out of the heart

Answer 37

Systole

Question 38

What is the relax | a normal rhythmically occurring relaxation and dilation of the heart

Answer 38

Diastole

Question 39

What is blood pressure

Answer 39

Pressure exerted by circulating blood on the blood vessels walls

Question 40

What happens to BP as blood moves around body

Answer 40

Progressively decreases as it moves away from heart through arteries then back through veins

Question 41

Normal Uk BP

Answer 41

135/85

Question 42

What happens when blood is usher into the Aorta in Systole

Answer 42

it expands with force

Question 43

What happens to the aorta in Diastole

Answer 43

valve closes, walls retract like elastic bans | forces blood forward/keeps blood moving

Question 44

difference between pulse and BP

Answer 44

Pulse is the surge you feel | cannot feel BP

Question 45

Where are receptors for low BP feedback system

Answer 45

BARORECEPTORS in arch of aorta/carotid sinus are stretched less

Question 46

where are the control centres for Low BP

Answer 46

CV centre in medulla oblongata, adrenal medula

Question 47

What is the input from the receceptoes to the control centre in the low blood pressure feedback system

Answer 47

decreased rate of nerve impulses

Question 48

what are the effectors in the feedback system for low BP

Answer 48

heart - increased stroke volume/rate = more cardiac output | BVs - constriction increases SYSTEMIC VASCULAR RESISTANCE

Question 49

What is CO

Answer 49

Cardiac OUtput

Question 50

What is SVR

Answer 50

Systemic vascular resistance

Question 51

What is the output of the control centre during feedback system low BP

Answer 51

Increased sympathetic NS stimulation | Increased secretion of adrenalin & noradrenalin

Question 52

another term for adrenalin & noradrenalin

Answer 52

epinephrine | norepinephrine

Question 53

two types cholesterol

Answer 53

LDL "bad" | HDL "good"

Question 54

Describe LDL A

Answer 54

big & Buoyant made from fat harmless

Question 55

Describe LDL B

Answer 55

small & dense made from carbs harmful

Question 56

which tools do you use to check BP

Answer 56

stethoscope | sphygmomanometer

Question 57

where do you find cholesterol

Answer 57

in every cell of the body

Question 58

what is cholesterol essential for the health of

Answer 58

all cells, many hormones Vit D

Question 59

where do we get cholesterol from

Answer 59

some from diet | much made in liver

Question 60

Cholesterol is vital but what may happen if you have too much

Answer 60

develop fatty deposits in your blood vessels | increases risk of heart disease

Question 61

name condition where you have fatty deposits in your BVs

Answer 61

Atheroma/atherosclerosis

Question 62

Why does cholesterol need to be transported around the body

Answer 62

it's a LIPID | hydrophobic

Question 63

how is cholesterol transported around the body

Answer 63

via lipoproteins

Question 64

where are lipoproteins made

Answer 64

synthesised by the liver

Question 65

what happens if cholesterol too low

Answer 65

hormone problems | Vit D probs - affects immune system/bone health

Question 66

LDL stands for

Answer 66

Low density Lipoproteins

Question 67

HDL stands for

Answer 67

High density lipoproteins

Question 68

job of LDL in body

Answer 68

carry cholesterol from liver to cells of body

Question 69

job of HDL in body

Answer 69

collects cholesterol from cells to liver

Question 70

Recommended readings for total cholesterol, non-hdl cholesterol Triglycerides

Answer 70

total chol - less than 9.0 mmol/litre non hdle chol - less than 7.5 mmil/litre triglycerides - less than 4.5 mmil/litre