Pathologies 1 Flashcards
1
Q
high cholesterol known as
A
hypercholesterolaemia
2
Q
High BP known as
A
hypertension
3
Q
Causes hypertension
A
hereditary age hypertension diabetes smoking sedentary lifestyle diet excessive alcohol
4
Q
allopathic treatment hypercholesterolaemia
A
Statins forever!
5
Q
Side effects statins
A
include - insomnia dizziness fatigue headaches liver damage gastrointestinal effects erectile dysfunction etc etc
6
Q
Alternative treatment hypercholesterolaemia
A
treat cause - BODY ELEVATES CHOLESTEROL FOR A REASON
diet & Lifestyle!
Nutrition - fibre, EFAs, B3, garlic onions
Herbs - hawthorn, globe artichoke, garlic
Exercise
7
Q
what cereal is amazing for high cholesterol
A
oats
8
Q
two types of BV sclerosis
A
Arteriosclerosis
Atherosclerosis
9
Q
What is Arteriosclerosis
A
SYSTEMIC stiffening of Arteries
the whole length, throughout
can’t expand/contract
10
Q
What is Atherosclerosis
A
1 place of artery wall thickens/hardens
result of build up fatty deposits
11
Q
what could fatty deposits be in atherosclerosis
A
cholesterol
fibrous & calcium deposits
12
Q
if a BV is v narrow in 1 place it’s known as
A
Atheroma
13
Q
Which mineral is great for relaxing BVs in Arteriosclerosis
A
Magnesium
14
Q
In Atherosclerosis and Arteriosclerosis the progressive degeneration of the arterial walls increases
A
BP and Pulse pressure
15
Q
What are the build up of fatty deposits in Atherosclerosis known as
A
Atherosclerotic plaque
16
Q
What term describes chances of survival from a disease
A
morbidity
17
Q
What term describes chance of death from a disease
A
mortality
18
Q
What is leading cause if morbidity and mortality in the US and most developed countries
A
Atherosclerosis
19
Q
Which BVs does Arteriosclerosis afftect
A
All LARGE & Medium arteries
inc coronary, carotid, cerebral, aorta & major arteries of extremeties
20
Q
Describe pathophysiology of Arteriosclerosis
A
Damage to BV wall - inflammation = more permeability/migration of phagocytes
LDL builds up in area
Lipids & proteins oxidise & bind to sugars
a cap is formed over plaque to wall off from blood
21
Q
causes/risks arteriosclerosis
A
hereditary gender age hypertension diabetes obesity smoking stress sedentary lifestyle bad diet excessive alcohol
22
Q
3 poss complications Arteriosclerosis
A
Thrombosis
Embolism
Haemorrhage
23
Q
define thrombosis
A
intravascular blood clot (in BVs) forms and stays put
24
Q
define embolism
A
embolus travels through blood and forms blockage
25
mobile blood clot known as
embolus
26
define haemorrhage
like picking a scab
due to calcified plaques
brittle, rigid arteries
27
difference in terms atherosclerosis/arteriosclerosis
arteriosclerosis specific type arteriosclerosis but often terms confused
28
signs/symptoms arteriosclerosis
Angina pectoris- ischaemic heart pain (from thrombosis & embolism)
intermittent claudication - ischaemic lower limb pain (from thrombosis)
Stroke - (from thrombosis, embolism & haemorrhage)
29
What is the disease that leads to the most amputations in this country
diabetes
30
Complications Atherosclerosis
gangrene
senile dementia
stroke
31
Allopathic treatment Arteriosclerosis
Surgery
stents
statins
32
Alternative treatment Arteriosclerosis
Reduce cholesterol (if indicated)
antioxidants
diet//lifestyle
exercise
Nutrition - antioxidants, fruit, veg, non-animal foods, EFAs vit E
Herbs - motherwort, garlic, globe artichoke
exercise
33
What is Angina Pectoris
Ischaemic heart disease due to obstruction or spasm of coronary arteries
Not cardiac arrest or heart attack (myocardial infarction) but may precede
34
Ischemia definition
vascular disease involving interruption in arterial blood supply to tissue, organ or extremity. If untreated can lead to death.
35
Causes of Ischaemia
Embolism
thrombisis
atherosclerosis
trauma
36
What triggers angina pectoris
physical exercise
37
Signs/symptoms Angina pectoris
```
heavy/tight/gripping chest pains centrally/retrosternally
EASES ON REST
Dyspnoea
pain in arm/jaw
nausea
sweating
```
38
Medical term for breathlessness
Dyspnoea
39
Allopathic treatment Angina pectoris
Nitro-glycerine sublingually
| reduces BP
40
Alternative treatment Angina Pectoris
```
Nutrition/herbs to thin blood - EFAs, vit E, turmeric, gingko, garlic, cayenne,
motherwort heart support
homeopathy
ozone therapy
exercise
```
41
which vitamin is a v strong antioxidant
E
42
which herb helps to dilate BVs
ginkgo
43
Stroke also known as
cerebrovascular accident
44
2 types stroke
ischaemic
| hemorrhagic
45
Which type of stroke accounts for 80% of all strokes
Ischaemic
46
What happens in an ischaemic stroke
BV blocked by thrombus/embolus
blood supply to portion of brain becomes blocked and stops functioning.
Eventually causes tissue death.
47
Which type of stroke has a better survival rate
Ischaemic
48
What is an infarction
tissue death due to lack of oxygen-rich blood
49
another term for BLOCKAGE (BVs)
occlusion
50
another term for rupture (BVs)
Hemorrhage
51
4 mins of Ischaemia causes what
irreversible cell damage
52
What % of strokes are hemorrhagic
20
53
What is the death rate for hemorrhagic strokes
50%
54
What happens in a hemorrhagic stroke
BVs rupture (ANEURYSM) casing brain damage
55
what does TIA stand for
transient ischaemic accidents
56
what happens in a TIA
temporary reduction of blood flow
| can be warning sign for full stroke
57
What could cause a stroke
Hypertension
| Atherosclerosis/arteriosclerosis
58
what does the contraceptive pill increase your chances of
thrombosis
59
signs/symptoms of stroke
```
SUDDEN weakness
numbness/tingling
loss of speech or comprehension
confusion
loss of vision
sudden severe headaches
unsteadinessBulge
lopsidedness
```
60
Why does a stroke victim need a brainscan asap
to determine which type of stroke > treatment they need
| coagulate blood or thin
61
how are strokes diagnosed
CT/MRI scan
62
allopathic treatment stroke
Hospital
reduce inflammation
increase collateral circulation
63
Alternative SUPPORT stroke
```
Nutrition & Herbs to thin blood
EFAs
vit E
turmeric
ginkgo
garlic
cayenne
homeopathy
ozone therapy
exercise
```
64
Stroke prognosis
Depends on severity/location
| death/paralysis/transient problems
65
what is a TIA also known as
a mini stroke
66
causes of TIA
micro-embolism
67
Risk factors TIA
Hyertension
| antherosclerosis/arteriosclerosis
68
Signs/symptoms TIA
transient impaired functions resolves in 24 hrs
| depends on area of brain affected
69
What is an Aneurysm
bulge in BV caused by a weakness in its wall
70
where can aneurysms develop
Any BV in body but most commonly
| abdominal aorta & brain
71
what does AAA stand for
Aortic Asymptomatic Aneurysm
72
signs/symptoms aortic aneurysm
asymptomatic
73
what happens if Aortic Aneurysm bursts
usually fatal.
| 8/10 die
74
how AAA diagnosed
ultrasound
75
allopathic treatment AAA
depends size/severity
| monitored
76
alternative support aneurysm
preventative!
herbs/nutrition - Vit C, E, EFAs, magnesium, high fibre, no sugar
connective tissue support - collagen
77
Complications Aneurysm
Rupture & hemorrhage
micro-aneurysms could cause reoccurring small strokes depending on where they are in body
thrombosis/embolism from damaged endothelium
78
What is DVT
Deep vein thrombosis
| thrombus forms in a DEEP vein - usually legs
79
causes DVT
micro-embolism
80
Risk factors DVT
reduced blood flow
changes in blood
damage to BV wall
81
Risk factors DVT, what could cause reduced blood flow
immobility (age, post surgery)
pressure on vein by tumour
shock
long haul flights
82
Risk factors DVT, what causes changes in blood
dehydration
polycythemia
sticky platelets (oral contraceptive)
83
What is polycythemia
too many blood cells
84
signs/symptoms DVT
may be accompanied by PAIN (heavy ache/tenderness to touch) and swelling of lower limb
usually ASYMPTOMATIC as deeper
85
treatment DVT
total rest! don't want clot to go to heart/brain
hospital
blood thinners
86
alternative support DVT
preventative!
Thin blood - EFAs, vit E, ginkgo, garlic
hydration!
Homeopathy
87
complications DVT
Pulmonary Embolism
| Stroke etc
88
What is THROMBOPHLEBITIS
superficial vein thrombosis
89
signs/symptoms thrombophlebitis
hard, read, painful area above superficial vein
| vein may be palpabe
90
What causes varicose veins
incompetent valves = pooling/backflow of venous blood
| & chronically dilated veins
91
signs/symptoms varicose veins
aching/fatigue of leg
| distended blue veins
92
complications varicose veins
hemorrhage
| varicose ulcers
93
alternative treatment varicose veins
```
daily leg elevation
exercise
compression
hydrotherapy
horse chestnut topically & internally
homeopathy
```
94
what are haemorrhoids
swelling/inflammation veins in rectum/anus
95
causes haemorroids
```
constipation
straining during bowel movements
hypertension/portal hypertension
obesity
pregnancy/childbirth
```
96
signs/symptoms haemorrhoids
may be asymptomatic
bright red blood in poo/loo roll
protruding haemorrhoids - pain/itching
97
allopathic treatment varicose veins/haemorrhoids/scrotal varicocele
surgery
98
alternative support haemorrhoids
horse chestnut
exercise
homeopathy - hamamelis
99
what is a varicocele
enlarged veins in scrotum
100
causes scrotal varicocele
1 idiopathic - venous valves along spermatic cord son't work properly
2 secondary - compression of venous drainage of testicle, tumour?
101
when might a pelvic/abdominal malignancy be suspected with scrotal varicocele
when SV is newly diagnosed in patient older than 40
102
signs/symptoms scrotal varicocele
dragging/aching pain in scrotum
heaviness in testicles
atrophy of testicles
visible/palpable enlarge vein
103
definition of atrophy
wasting away or decline in effectiveness
104
alternative treatment scrotal varicocele
treat cause
| horse-chesnut
105
complications scrotal varicocele
infertility (increased temp)
| testicular atrophy
106
what are oesophageal varices
varicose veins of oesophagus
107
which systems within body is the oesophagus situated
digestive
| portal circulation system
108
causes Oesophageal varices
```
portal hypertension (liver cirrhosis)
right sided heart failure
```
109
describe liver cirrhosis
```
liver loses function/gets congested
becomes fibrous
alcohol linked
or hepititis
or genetic
```
110
signs/symptoms oesophageal varices
```
slight bleeding (occult blood in stool)
aneamia - iron deficiency
```
111
occult blood in stool is -
hidden blood in stool
112
complications oesophageal varices
rupture
bleeding
anaemia
113
treatment - oesophageal varices
cause!
