Leukocytes & Thrombocytes

Question 1

leukocytes account for what % of blood volume

Answer 1

1%

Question 2

Leukocytes defend body from what

Answer 2

microbes - bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites

foreign particles

Question 3

do leukocytes have nuclei

Answer 3

yes

Question 4

2 types leukocytes

Answer 4

granulocytes - granules in cytoplasm

agranulocytes - no granules in cytoplasm

Question 5

2 types agranular leukocytes

Answer 5

lymphocytes - (t cells, b cells, NK cells)

monocytes

Question 6

3 types granular leukocytes

Answer 6

basophils
neutrophils
eosinophils

Question 7

basophils in tissue are known as

Answer 7

mast cells

Question 8

basophils in blood known as

Answer 8

basophils

Question 9

are basophils/mast cells chemotaxic

Answer 9

no

Question 10

function basophils/mast cells

Answer 10

release histamine/heparin cause inflammation

Question 11

primary function of neutrophils

Answer 11

phagocytosis of bacteria/fungi

Question 12

how do neutrophils die

Answer 12

forming part of pus found in infections

Question 13

are neutrophils chemotaxic

Answer 13

yes

Question 14

which organelle inside neutrophils digests microbes

Answer 14

lysosomes

Question 15

which leukocytes are the paramedics - 1st to migrate to site of infection within an hour

Answer 15

neutrophils

Question 16

if there are lots of this type of leukocyte in the blood it is a good indicator that there are parasites present

Answer 16

eosinophils

Question 17

2 primary functions eosinophils

Answer 17

eliminate parasites via phagocytosis

promote inflammation

Question 18

which are predominant inflammatory cells in allergic reactions

Answer 18

eosinophils

Question 19

which two granulocytes operate via phagocytosis and are chemotaxic

Answer 19

netrophils

eosinophils

Question 20

are eosinophils chemotaxic

Answer 20

yes

Question 21

conditions basophils/mast cells involved in

Answer 21

ulcerative colitis
drug/food hypersensitivity
diabetes
infection - chicken pox
iron deficiency
some forms leukaemia/lymphoma
site of exoparasitic infection - tivks

Question 22

conditions neutrophils involved in

Answer 22

strenuous exercise
microbial infection
tissue damage
metabolic disorders
leukaemia
heavy smoking
oral contraceptive pill

Question 23

conditions eosinophils involved in

Answer 23

allergic/atopic asthma
hay fever/hives
drug allergy
atopic eczema
parasitic infections
systemic auto-immune conditions
hodgkins/non-hodgkins lymphoma

Question 24

difference between monocytes/macrophages

Answer 24

monocytes in blood macrophages in tissue

Question 25

primary function monocytes/macrophages

Answer 25

inflammation & repair phagocytosis - cellular debris/pathogens isolate pathogens activation of other immune cells via antigen presentation

Question 26

mode of action monocytes/macrophages -

Answer 26

phagocytosis, chemotaxis

Question 27

primary function lymphocytes

Answer 27

B & T, & NK (natural killer) cells, abundant in blood & lymphatic tissue - provide acquired immunity/specific response to pathogenic antigens

Question 28

definition pathogenic

Answer 28

capable causing disease

Question 29

mode of action lymphocytes

Answer 29

B cells antibody formation activates immune response | T & NK cells kill abnormal/invading cells/pathogens

Question 30

shape of platelets/thrombocytes

Answer 30

small, non-nucleated discs

Question 31

blood clotting known as

Answer 31

haemostasis

Question 32

what type of granules do platelets contain

Answer 32

STORAGE that hold proteins and adhesion molecules such as CLOTTING FACTORS

Question 33

Ex of different clotting factors

Answer 33

``` Von willebrand factor fibrinogen calcium serotonin ADP/ATP growth factors ```

Question 34

what happens to the platelets/thrombocytes when ACTIVATED

Answer 34

release contents of STORAGE GRANULES to initiate CLOTTING then HEALING

Question 35

platelet activation also initiates production of

Answer 35

THROMBOXANE - potent VASOCONSTRICTOR which activates other thrombocytes/platelets for platelet aggregation

Question 36

4 main stages blood clotting

Answer 36

vasoconstriction platelet plug formation coagulation fibrinolysis

Question 37

describe vasoconstriction in blood clotting process

Answer 37

exposure of collagen in endothelium thromboxane release vascular spasm platelet aggregation

Question 38

describe platelet plug formation in blood clotting process (positive feedback)

Answer 38

ACTIVATED platelets adhere to damaged wall | release SEROTONIN & BINDING PROTEINS = make stickier and attract more

Question 39

describe coagulation in blood clotting process

Answer 39

clotting factors form clot | fibrin - long sticky protein forms mesh - erythrocytes get stuck in mesh and clot forms

Question 40

describe fibrinolysis in blood clotting process

Answer 40

clot breakdown | blood clots reorganised & resorbed by action of enzyme called PLASMIN

Question 41

What is the natural anti-coagulant produced by the body

Answer 41

Heparin

Question 42

which are the most popular two anti-coagulant medicines

Answer 42

warfarin | aspirin

Question 43

4 anticoagulant herbs

Answer 43

ginkgo garlic ginger turmeric

Question 44

3 anticoagulant nutrients

Answer 44

vit E, EFAs vit K

Question 45

where do humans get vit K from

Answer 45

dark green veg, tomatoes | made by gut bacteria

Question 46

difference antigen and pathogen

Answer 46

pathogen - any micro-organism that might cause disease | antigens usually found on surface of pathogen - foreign molecule triggers immune system to produce antibodies

Question 47

monocyte in tissue is called

Answer 47

macrophage

Question 48

a potent vasoconstrictor activated by platelets/thrombocytes

Answer 48

thromboxane

Question 49

what is plasmin

Answer 49

an enzyme which deactivates clotting factors