Blood Physiology And Cardivascular System Flashcards
(130 cards)
1
Q
Blood smear demo
A
Blood near end of slide
Second slide at 45degre angle
Push along slide away from you like a plane taking off
10 dunks in each liquid blue, pink, purple
2
Q
What are the distinguishing features of RBC
A
no nucleus
No organelles
Biconcave disc shape
3
Q
Which cell do majority of blood cells originate from in bone marrow
A
Myeloid stem cell
4
Q
Which proportion of the circulation do white blood cells and platelets usually makeup
A
1% of blood
5
Q
What other name are granulocytes also known as as and why
A
Polymorphonuclear leucocytes (PMNs)
Nucleus can have more than one shape - lots of lobes
6
Q
What colour do neutrophils nucleus stain
A
Light purple (hardly look stained)
7
Q
What colour do eosinophils nucleus stain
A
Red/orange
8
Q
What colour do basophils nucleus stain
A
Dark purple/blue
9
Q
What colour do monocytes stain
A
Dark purple same as basophil but lot larger cell and one big nucleus
10
Q
What are neutrophils most commonly involved in
A
Inflammation. Attack most common type of infection - bacteria
11
Q
How does the size of a lymphocyte compare to an eosinophil
A
Lymphocyte are the smallest WBC about same size as RBC
12
Q
What do monocytes become when they leave the circulation to go to an inflamed tissue
A
Macrophages which go to tissue
Osteoclast in bone
13
Q
how long to RBCS survive in circulation
A
120 days then the spleen removes them
14
Q
How are platelets produced
A
Fragments of cells in bone marrow
Portions of megakaryocytes
15
Q
Function of platelets
A
Clotting
16
Q
How long do platelets survive in circulation
A
10 days
17
Q
Where does coronary artery arise from
A
First branch of aorta
If blocked blood wouldn’t get to rest of the body
18
Q
What function did the fossa invalid serve in the foetus
A
Hole in the heart to pass the blood as didn’t need to go to lungs because foetuses don’t breathe
19
Q
Hours many cusps in right AV valve
A
3
20
Q
How many cusps in Left AV valve
A
3
21
Q
Pulmonary and aortic (semi lunar) valves
A
2
22
Q
Vessles and organs that transport blood around the body
A
Arteries
Veins
Capillaries
The heart
23
Q
Arteries function
A
Transport oxygenated blood (apart from umbilical artery and pulmonary artery) which carry deoxygenated blood
24
Q
Artery walls
A
Thick vessel walls of smooth muscle to withstand high pressure of blood from heart
25
Artery lumen
Small / narrow
Smooth muscle controls the diameter and regulates the blood flow to different organs
26
Why don’t arteries have valves
Presence of elastic tissue and muscle means they don’t need valves
27
Smallest arteries
Arterioles
28
What are artery’s lined with
Simple squamous epithelial tissue
29
Vein function
Carry deoxygenated blood to heart (apart from umbilical vein and pulmonary vein which carry oxygenated blood)
Often used for collecting blood samples
30
Vein walls
Thinner walls as don’t deal with high blood pressure (less smooth muscle)
Large lumen
31
Why do veins have valves
Can collapse on themselves rather than holding their shape so need valves to prevent back flow of blood
32
Smallest veins
Venules
33
Capillaries function
Gaseous exchange via diffusion occurs here (CO2 and O2)
Some are tight some are leaky depends on space between epithelial cells (more gaps = more leaky)
34
Capillaries structure
Small thin walls that are permeable
One cell thick - single layer of endothelial cells
Slow blood flow
Very small lumen
35
Where are capillaries leaky
Spleen
36
Where are capillaries tight
Brain
37
What happens if a capillary gets blocked
No issues
38
Blood composition
Fluid = plasma - 55%
Cellular = RBC - 45%
Buff coat = WBC + Platelets <1%
39
Plasma
90% water plus 3 plasma proteins and antibodies (immunoglobulins)
Albumin
Fibrinogen
Prothrombin
40
Plasma proteins
Help to maintain the osmotic pressure of the blood (hold water in the blood) because they are too large to pass out the circulation.
41
Albumin
Protein produced by the liver and helps to maintain the osmotic concentration of the blood
42
Fibrinogen and prothrombin
Proteins produced by the liver and involved in the clotting mechanism/cascade
43
Immunoglobulins
Antibodies produced by the immune system
44
What does plasma transport
Electrolytes - Na, K, Ca, Mg, Cl, 2CO-3
Gasses - O2 and CO2
Nutrients - aa, fatty acids and glucose
Waste products - urea and creatinine (to kidneys and liver for excretion)
Hormones
45
Electrolyte roles
Maintain blood pH to remain neutral (7)
46
Urea and creatinine
Protein metabolism- muscle breakdown
47
Serum
Plasma with the clotting factors (fibrinogen and prothrombin) removed
If you let the blood sample clot - the fluid left
48
Anti coagulants
Anti clotting factor in blood
49
Cellular component of blood
(Buffy coat)
Leucocytes (WBC)
Thrombocytes (platelets)
Erythrocytes (RBC)
50
Haemopoiesis/haematopoisis
Process by which ALL blood cells are produced
They are all produced from myeloid/lymphoid stem cells in bone marrow of long bones/pelvis/sternum/skull
51
Erythropoiesis
Production of red blood cells
Stimulated by erythropoietin (hormone) produced by kidney
52
How do kidneys play a part in red blood cells
They monitor blood levels and so if O2 becomes too low the hormone erythropoietin is produced
53
What happens as rbc develop
Nucleus condenses and is present until rbc becomes a reticulocyte then become fine threads known as Howell-Joly bodies
Nucleus disappears and mature rbc is released
54
What is a reticulocyte
An immature red blood cell (nucleus present but condensed)
55
Howell-joly bodies
The remnants of the rbc nucleus
56
How long does Erythropoiesis take
4-7 days but rbc can survive for 120days
57
Many reticulocytes would indicate what
Large hemorage/bleed or anaemia
58
Structure of rbc
Biconcave disc - larger sa for O2
No organelles or nucleus
Red due to heamoglobin protein containing iron
59
What happens to damaged or dead rbc
Removed from circulation by the spleen
Biproducts are iron and bilirubin (green bile) found in poo
60
Leucocytes (wbc) role
Involved in immune response
Fight infection
Produce antibodies
61
Luecuocytes structure
Contain nucleus
Come what different shapes of nuclei
Short lived and less of them than rbc
62
2 types of leucocytes
Granulocytes - have granules - attack/kill/destroy die quickly
Agranulocytes - don’t have granules last for years (memory cells)
63
WBC granulocytes
Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils
64
Nuetrophils
Come from myeloid stem cell
make up 70% of wbc
destroy bacteria
STAIN LIGHT PURPLE
65
Eosinophils
Come from myeloid stem cell
less common
fight infection from worms/parasites etc
antihistamine (anti-inflammatory)
STAIN PINK/RED/ORANGE
66
Basophil
Come from myeloid stem cell
make up 1% of wbc
largest granulocytes
release heparin (anticoagulant) STAIN DARK BLUE/PURPLE
67
WBC agranulocytes
Lymphocyte - B & T
Monocytes
68
B lymphocytes
Comes from lymphoid stem cell
Humoral/antibidy mediated immune response
Detect bacteria/foreign bodies
Control other wbc to attack
Produce antibodies
Memory b cells
69
T lymphocytes
Comes from lymphoid stem cell
Cell mediated immune response
Detect foreign bodies WITIHIN living cells
Tell others to attack
Turn into killer T cells
70
Monocyte
Comes from myeloid stem cell
Largest type of wbc
Turn to macrophages and can break down pathogen
71
Platelets (thrombocytes)
Cell fragments formed in bone marrow (not whole cells)
No nucleus
Originate from megakaryocyte
Usually seem clumped together
Lifespan 10days
Involved in clotting mechanism
72
cardiovascular system adaptations for reptiles and birds
Rbc are nucleated and oval
Platelets are nucleated
Neutrophils are heterophils
(Snakes) Azurophil - mononuclear cell increases in number if infection
73
cardiovascular system adaptations for small mammals
More lymphocytes then neutrophils
(Rabbits) have pseudoeosinophils (look like eosinophils but are neutrophils)
(Guinea pigs) have Foa-Kurloff cells - mononuclear cells seen in females during gestation
74
Blood clot why is it important
Important to Prevent excessive blood loss and stopping debris and bacteria entering the wound
75
Body’s natural anticoagulant
Heparin (basophils make this)
Prevents unwanted clots forming in blood vessels
76
Clotting time
3-5mins
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What is involved in blood clotting
Platelets
Proteins known as clotting factors (prothrombin and fibrinogen)
Vitamin k from liver produce some clotting factors
78
The clotting mechanism/ coagulation cascade
Platelets stick to each other and damaged vessels to form a seal
Release enzyme called thromboplastin
This and Ca ions convert the protein prothrombin to active enzyme thrombin
Thrombin converts soluble protein fibrinogen to mesh of insoluble fibrin
Form network across damaged area to trap blood forming a clot
Seals with scab
79
Where does the heart sit in the body
Mediastinum ( space in the middle of the chest between the lungs)
Slightly Left of midline
Base of heart sits cranially to apex
Apex of heart lies close to sternum
80
Pericardium
The sac the heart is enclosed in
Very tough and strong
Stops heart rubbing against lungs
Stops over filling (in healthy animals)
81
3 walls of the heart
Endocardium (inner layer) - epithelium
Myocardium (middle layer) - cardiac muscle
Epicardium (outer layer) - thin layer of connective tissue lots of elastic
82
Direction of blood flow in beart
RHS -DEOXYGENATED
Vena cava (from body)
Right atrium
Right atrioventricular valve
Right ventricle
Pulmonary valve
Pulmonary artery (to lungs)
LHS - OXYGENATED
pulmonary vein
Left atrium
Left atrioventricular valve
Left ventricle
Aortic valve
Aorta (to body)
83
Septum
Separates 2 dudes from mixing blood
Gets thinner cranially to hold more blood
84
Chordal tendinae
Heart strings
Stop cusps from collapsing in wrong direction
Stops back flow of blood from ventricle to artery
85
Papillary muscle
Lumps of cardiac tissue that pull on heart strings to open and close valve
86
When blood flows towards heart it travels in what
Veins
87
When blood flows away from the heart it travels in
Arteries
88
Main artery
Aorta - oxygenated blood leaves left ventricle in the aortic arch (origin of the aorta)
89
Coronary arteries
First branch of the aorta
Delivers oxygenated blood to the tissues of the heart
90
Reptiles artery adaptations
2 aortas exit the heart (right and left)
Merge to form a single abdominal aorta halfway down the body
Heart is heart shaped
Variable number of renal arteries in reptiles
1-2 in snakes
4-5 in chameleons
91
Birds artery adaptations
Aorta curves to the right rather than the left
So left ventricle can contract harder as nothing is physically in the way so more blood goes to rest of the body
Good blood supply needed for flying
92
Reptil heart adaptations
3 chambers instead of 4 - 2 atria and one common ventricle
Lack of ventricle wall
Ventricle receives blood from right and left side
Deoxygenated blood directed to pulmonary artery
Oxygenated blood may pass either to aortas or pulmonary circulation
93
Why do reptiles have this heart adaptations
Low metabolic rate so require less O2
94
Birds and reptiles renal portal system
Venous blood from hind limbs and caudal end of body can travel back to heart by passing renal tissue (goes through kidneys twice)
95
Nephrotoxic drugs
Harmful to nephrons/kidney so should be injected in top half of body
96
Cardiac cycles
Contraction of atria and ventricles (systole)
Relaxation of atria and ventricles (diastole)
NB atrial systole is different to ventral systole as happening at different times
97
Cardiac cycle explained
Cardiac diastole - all chambers are relaxed so blood flows in
Atrial systole and ventriclar diastole - atria contracting pushing blood into relaxed ventricles
Atrial diastole and ventricular systole - atria relax venticles contract pushing blood out of heart
98
Lub dub sound
Closure of heart valves causes the noises we hear
99
Inherent contractibility
Heart able to contract rhythmically and automatically without nervous input
100
The conducting system
The mechanism responsible for initiating and coordinating the heartbeat
It must be able to alter rapidly for changing environments so is brought about by nerve impulses from the autonomic nervous system overriding the inherent rate
101
Cardiac conduction system
Nerve impulse travels from sinoatrial node (in R atrium)
To atrioventricular node (atrial contraction)
To bundle of His
To purkinje fibres (ventricle contraction)
102
What are the nodes in the heart
Bundle of nerves
103
Bundle of His
Bundle of nerves cells in ventricular septum
Branches right and left to apex of heart
104
Purkinje fibres
It’s of branches of nerves after splitting from bundle of his
105
What is blood pressure
A measurement of force that pushes blood through the arterial circulation
Influences by the heartbeat, blood vol and thick elasticity of the blood vessel walls
106
BP during systole
Highest at this time (contraction)
Top number
107
BP during diastole
Lowest during this time
Heart relaxing
Bottom number
108
How is BP mesusred
Baroreceptors in aorta/carotid artery measure pressure flowing through vessels
109
What happens if bp is too high
Baroreceptors tell heart via autonomic nerves to reduce heart rate and decrease contractility
Immediate short term effect
110
What happens if bp is too low
Baroreceptors tell heart via autonomic nerves to increase heart rate and contractility
Immediate short term effect
111
What is contractility
Force when heart contracts
112
How to make the effect long term
Excrete/retain more water in the kidneys
113
Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone-System (RAAS)
Renin is a hormone produced by kidney in response to low bp
Promotes release of aldosterone by adrenal glands
This increases water resorption from nephrons pulls water into blood stream (less water loss in urine)
More water retained means increased bp
114
Antidiuretuc hormone or vasopressin (ADH)
released by pituitary gland in response to low bp and increased osmotic pressure of blood
Causes Increased retention of water by kidneys
More water retained in body (including blood) means increased bp
115
Hepatic portal system
Step 1 products of digestion are absorbed into the capillaries within the vili of the small intestine
Step 2 digested food molecules travel through hepatic portal veins to the liver
Step 3 liver monitors blood contents
Step 4 hepatic veins deliver blood to the circulatory system
116
What are the 2 blood supplies in the liver
Hepatic artery
Hepatic portal vein (blood comes from GI/digestive tract)
Enables products of digestion to be metabolised straight away
117
Foetal circulation
Placenta carries out the roles later performed by neonates lungs
Umbilical artery carry deoxygenated blood containing waste products from foetus back to placenta
Umbilical vein carry oxygenated blood and nutrients from placenta to the foetus passing to the foetal liver
118
What is a shunt
Blood going different routes as to where we expect
119
Foramwn ovals
This hole closes and turns into an indent or depression known as fossa ovalis
120
Ductus arteriosus
Is an artery that turns into a ligament - ligamentum arteriosus
121
Ductus venosus
Connection vessel between pulmonary artery and aorta which by passes liver straight to vena cava. turns into falciform ligament which flows through aorta to bypass pulmonary artery
122
When are shunts closed
When first breath is taken
123
Lymphatic system
Returns excess tissue fluid that has leaked out of capillaries back to blood (doesn’t deliver nutrients)
Known as lymph
Works with movement to help push fluid back up (no heat beating)
124
Leaky capillaries
Plasma escapes blood vessels
Pooling between cells
Interstitial fluid increases
Lymph system removes the excess fluid
125
Lymphatic vessels
Found throughout the body draining lymph from body tissue and from lymph node to lymph node.
Plasma returns to blood
Lymph must pass through at least 1 lymph node before returning to blood circulation
126
Lymphatic organs (transport fats)
Lymph nodes
Tonsils
Thymus
Spleen
Contain B and T cells (mature lymphocytes) to fight infection (in nodes to monitor blood for bacteria)
127
Lymph nodes
Filter lymphatic system and all the lymph
Dotted atom lymphatic vessels
Enlargement of vessels
128
Tonsils
Either side of pharynx
129
Thymus
Glad sits cranial to heart
130
Spleen
2 jobs
Red pulp=remove old damaged rbc also stores rbc
White pulp= b and tcells helps filter lymph
If ruptures massive internal bleeding
