Bone Physiology Flashcards
(168 cards)
1
Q
Condyle
A
A rounded protuberance at the end of a bone (end of long bones and in skull)
2
Q
Crest
A
Raised area of bone (found in skull)
3
Q
Foramen
A
A hole or opening within a bone (usually for nerves)
4
Q
Fossa
A
A depression within a hole where another structure is found - Socket part of joints
Muscle usually sits in it
5
Q
Groove
A
A depression in a bone (linear groove for nerves and blood vessels)
6
Q
Process
A
A thin, elongated projection (finger off bone)
7
Q
Sinus
A
A narrow hollow cavity (found in face followed with air)
8
Q
Spine
A
The central part of a bone (spine of the scapula)
9
Q
Trochanter
A
A prominent area of the femur that lies behind the head of the femur (only found on femur)
10
Q
Tubercle
A
A small elevation on the surface of a bone
11
Q
Tuberosity
A
The area of the tubercle where the tendons attach (end of tubercle)
12
Q
Cranium
A
Big circle of bone that houses brain
13
Q
Maxilla
A
Upper jaw and nasal chambers directly attached to front of cranium
14
Q
Mandible
A
Lower jaw
Attached to cranium and maxilla via muscles and some ligaments
15
Q
Hyoid apparatus
A
Attaches to tongue, larynx and skull
Supports tongue
Suspends larynx from skull
Hyoid bone - made of many small bones
16
Q
What are the 4 main bones of the head
A
Cranium
Maxilla
Mandible
Hyoid apparatus
17
Q
Sutures
A
Cranium, maxilla, mandible made up of smaller bones joined together by sutures (fibrous joints made of collagen)
18
Q
Composite parts of cranium
A
Foramen magnum
frontal bone
occipital bone
orbit
parietal bone
sphenoid complex
temporal bone
Tympanic bulla
Zygomatic arch
19
Q
Composite parts of maxilla
A
Incisive bone
Nasal bone
Maxilla bone
Palatine bone
20
Q
Composite parts of mandible
A
Alveoli (areas for tooth attachment)
Condylar process
Coronoid process
Ramus
Symphysis
Mandibular symphysis
21
Q
Foramen magnum
A
Hole at back of skull where spinal cord exits
22
Q
Frontal bone
A
Essentially the forehead
23
Q
Occipital bone
A
Back of bone that houses optic foreamen where optic nerve travels through
24
Q
Orbit bone
A
Where eyes sit
Underneath is the cheekbone (zygomatic arch)
25
Parietal bone
Caudal part of skull at the top
26
Sphenoid complex
Very bouncy due to lots of little bones joined together
27
Temporal bone
Part of zygomatic arch
Has a temporal process of zygomatic bone
28
Lacrimal bone
2 lots either side inside of eye / orbit formimg the eye socket
29
Tympanic bulla
Part of temporal bone surrounding ear canal
30
Zygomatic arch (cheek bone)
Zygomatic bone
Temporal process of zygomatic bone
Sphenoid complex
Zygomatic process of temporal bone
31
Incisive bone
Where incisors root goes into
32
Nasal bone
Top of nose above maxilla
33
Palatine bone
Make up hard and soft palate
34
Maxilla bone
Biggest In maxilla
Hold teeth
Infraorbital foremen runs through maxilla (nerves come out of this for feelings in teeth and jaw)
35
Alveoli
Areas of tooth attachment/ holes for teeth
36
Hyoid apparatus
Series of small bones which suspend the tongue and larynx from the skull
37
External
38
External auditory meatus
Ear canal
39
Mandibular symphysis
Made of collagen
Weaker than cartilage
Cats
40
Masseteric fossa
Indent of ramus masseter Where muscles sits in used for chewing/mastication
41
Mandibulae body
Shaft
42
Which bone of the skull does hyoid apparatus attach to
Temporal bone
43
List foramens in jaw (holes)
Mandibular foramen
Mental foramen (front)
44
List foreamens in maxilla
Infraorbital foramen
45
3 skull types
Dolicocephalic
Mesocephalic
Brachycephalic
46
Dolicocephalic
Long narrow head
Eg whippets, lurchers, greyhounds, collies
Simese and Burmese cat
47
Mesocephalic
Medium sized head
German shepherd, Labrador, Bernese mountain dog, wolf
Tabby, domestic shorthair,
48
Brachycephalic
Short wide head
Pug, boxer, bulldog, chihuahua
Persian cat
49
Poor development of skull
Small cranium
Brain being squeezed (parts of cerebellum push out of back of skull)
Magnum foramen
50
Syringomyelia
Fluid build up in brain/spinal chord most common in CKC spaniels
51
Sinuses in dogs, cats horses
Dogs/cats - frontal (one on each side of forehead) and maxillary sinuses (just 1)
Horse - complex network of sinuses 6 pairs
More sinuses = larger/heavier skull
52
Horses sinuses
2x Frontal sinus
2x Caudal maxillary sinus
2x rostral maxillary sinus
2x ventral conchal sinus
2x dorsal chonchal sinus
2x palatine sinus
53
Frontal sinuses
Forehead
54
Caudal maxillary sinus
Back of jaw
55
Rostral maxillary sinus
Front of nose
56
Ventral conchal sinus
Bottom of turbinate bone
57
Dorsal conchal sinus
Top of turbinate bones
58
Palatine sinus
In palatine bone so roof of mouth
59
Intervertebral disc
Between each vertebrae body
Shock absorber to minimise damage to spinal cord
Allows flexibility
60
Spinous process
Largest process on spine
Causes withers
No spinous process on tail part of spine
61
Spine/vertebral column
Spinous process
Caudal articular process
Accessory process
Vertebral foramen
Body
Transverse process
Cranial articular process
Mammillary process
62
Vertebral foramen
Hole where spinal cord passes through all the way along spine
63
Body
Largest piece of bone
Between each is intervertebral discs
64
Transverse process
One on each side of vertebrae all the way down spine
65
Cranial/caudal articular process
For attachment with next process
66
Cranial/caudal process
Forms attachment with the next process
67
Mamillary process
Muscles attach onto them
68
Accessory process
On each side
Only found in lumbar spine
69
Intervertebral foramen
Gaps between each vertabrae
70
Annulus fibrous
Cartilage on outside of intervertebral disc
71
Slip disc
Disc fluid can come out so bone rubs on bone
72
C1 vertebrae
Atlas (allows head to nod)
73
C2 vertabrea
Axis (allows rotating or shaking movement of head)
74
Equine cervical number
7 (all species have 7)
75
Equine thoracic spine
18 (18 ribs)
76
Equine lumbar spine
6
77
Equine sacral spine
5
78
Equine caudal/coccygeal spine
15-21
79
Dog/cat cervical spine
7
80
Dog/cat thoracic spine
13 (13 ribs)
81
Dog/cat lumbar spine
7
82
Dog/cat sacral spine
3
83
Dog/cat coccygeal spine
20-23 depends on tail length/breed/species/genetics
84
Basic structure of ribs
The body - bony part that joins with thoracic vertebrae
Costal cartilage - lower half of the rib
85
Costcochondral junction
Area where the bone and cartilage meet of ribs
86
True ribs
Each individual rib attaches directly to sternum
87
False ribs
Cartilage of multiple ribs fuse together then attaches to sternum
88
Floating rib
Not attached to sternum only abdominal muscles
89
Xiphoid process
3rd bone of sternum
90
Costal arch
Bend on rib
91
Manubrium
1st bone that makes up sternum
92
Sternum
2nd of 3 bones that make up the sternum fully
Largest bome
93
Cat/dog true ribs
Ribs 1-9 (9)
94
Cat/dog false ribs
Ribs 10-12 (just 2)
95
Cat/dog floating rib
Rib 13 (just one)
Rabbits don’t have floating rib
96
Horse true ribs
Ribs 1- 8 (8)
97
Horse false ribs
9-18 (8)
98
Horse floating ribs
0 (sometimes 1) would be 19th rib even though they are meant to have 18
99
Spine of scapular
Raised central part of bone
100
Supraspinous/infraspinous fossa of scapula
Where muscles sit
101
Acromion
Bottom end of spine
102
Glenoid fossa
socket in ball and socket of shoulder joint for humerus
103
Scapula girdle
Humerus
Clavicle (only in birds)
Sternum (keel in birds)
Scapula
104
Pelvis girdle
Acetabulum
Ischial tuberosity
Pubic symphysis
Ischium
Obturator foramen
Pubis
Ilium
Wing of ilium
105
Acetabulum
Ball and socket area for femur to create hip
106
Ischial tuberosity
Part of ischium that sticks out
107
Pubis symphysis
Joint that joins two halves of pelvis together
108
Ischium
Bottom part of pelvis
109
Pubis
Formed by all 3 bones found in pelvis (ischium, pubis, ilium)
110
Obturator foramen
Hole/gap where nerves and blood vessels pass for legs
111
Pelvic canal
Gap with pelvis surrounding
Everything exits here (kidney/reproduction/ GI)
112
Ilium
Top part of pelvis
113
Sacrum
Attached to ilium all attached by cartilage
114
Wing of ilium
Highest point of hip
115
Zygodactyl limb
Parrots feet
1st and 4th digit point caudally
2nd and 3rd point cranially
116
Anisodactyl limb
Most birds (raptors and chickens)
1st digit point caudally
Other 3 point cranially
117
Avian equivalent of the hock
Suffrago joint
118
Birds pubic bone
Pelvis not fused together to allow for egg laying
119
What 3 hormones control the amount of calcium present in bone
Parathyroid hormone
Calcitriol
Calcitonin
120
Calcium present in bone
Moves in and out hence bones providing storage of calcium
Collagen and calcium makes up bone
121
What happens when blood levels are low
Parathyroid hormone reabsorbs calcium from bone
Also increases gut absorption of calcium
Calcitriol does this is also
122
Parathyroid hormone
PTH from parathyroid glands
123
Calcitriol
Produced by kidney
124
Calcitonin
Produced by thyroid gland
125
What happens when blood calcium increases
Calcitonin deposits calcium in bone
126
Bone disease caused by low calcium
(hypocalcaemia) which causes rickets (osteomalacia) due to lack of sunlight exposure and lack of calcium
127
Main cells found in bone that create bone
Osteoblasts
Osteocytes
Osteoclasts
128
Osteoblasts
Immature cells that can synthesise osteiod (the bone matrix)
129
Osteocytes
Osteoblaststhat have become trapped within gaps (lacunae) by the matrix they produce. Maintain bone tissue
130
Osteoclasts
Cells that can breakdown and remodel bone
Come from the blood and go to the bone when needed (fracture eg)
131
Young animals/embryos regarding bone cells
High abundance of osteoids as not yet trapped and turn into osteocytes
Decrease as get older as less are required.
132
Canaliculi
Hair like channels connecting the lacunae
133
What is the matrix made up of
Collagen, calcium and other proteins
134
Layers of osteocytes and their matrix
Lamellae
135
What are the 2 main types of bone
Compact
Cancellous
136
Compact bone
Cortical - solid and hard outer layer of bone
Compacted dense layers of lamellae
(Found in areas of high stress)
137
Cancellous bones
Spongy - 3D internal mesh or web of bone
Found on the inside of bone top and bottom
Less strong as compact
Bone marrow in gaps
138
Periosteum
Later of connective tissue covering external layers of both types of bone
(Similar to endosteum that lines the cavities with bone)
139
Where is compact bone found
Areas prone to stress
Lamellar organised into dense and regular concentric circles which surround vertical hole (Haversian canal)
Entire structure known as osteon
140
Haversian canal
Contains blood vessels and nerves
Volkmann canals connect Haversian canals horizontally
141
Cancellous bone found where
Located in end of long bones and middle of short and flat bones
Lamellae arranged to form 3D network of fine columns (weaker structure)
Known as trabeculae
Produces space for bone marrow to sit and also lighten (weight)
142
Medullary canal
Contains bone marrow (shaft of bone)
143
Long bones
Consist of an outer cortex of bone and a central medullary cavity contains bone marrow
144
Short bones
Only have one section and develop from one centre of ossification
145
Flat bones
Stretch out in 2 directions as they grow
146
Irregular bone
Variable in shape
147
Pneumatic bone
Medullary cavity is mainly replaced by air - makes skeleton lighter
148
Long bone examples
Humerus
Femur
Tibia
Fibula
Ulna
Radius
149
Short bone example
Tarsal
Carpal
Sesamoids
150
Flat bones example
Bones in skull (frontal)
Scapula
151
Irregular bones example
Vertebrae
OS penis
152
Pneumatic bones example
Birds bones
153
Flat bone structure
Made up of a layer of spongy bone between two thin layers of compact bone
154
Bone Marrow
Made of vascular tissue mixed with fat and produces platelets, RBC and WBC
155
Structure of a long bone
Diaphysis - central shaft
Epiphysis - end of bone
Metaphysis - area between the d and the e contains the epiphyseal growth plate
156
Growth plate
Made of cartilage when still growing (young animals) then turned to bone once fully formed
157
What are the 2 ossifications where cartilage is turned to bone
Intramembranous ossification
Endochondral ossification
158
Intramembranous ossification
Where cartilage turns into bone straight after birth skull needs to ossify fast as it houses the brain
No carriage template
Osteoblasts lay down bone between 2 layers of fibrous connective tissue
Grows from inside out
Eg cranial vault, maxilla/mandible and clavicle
159
Endochondral ossification
Cartilage turns to bone as they grow due to these parts moving/falling on them they want to bounce not break
Replacement of a cartilage template with bone
Starts developing in embryos
Completed when animal reaches skeletal maturity
Eg skull base, vertebrae, long bones, pelvis
160
Cartilage types
Hyaline
Elastic
Fibrocartilage
161
Hyaline cartilage
Most abundant /most similar to bone
Does not contain calcium
Chondrocytes maintain an extracellular matrix formed by collagen
162
Elastic cartilage
Chondrocytes maintain Extracellular matrix formed by elastic
Supports areas of flexibility (ear, nasal tip)
163
Fibrocartilage
Similar to hyaline but has a higher concentration of collagen fibres
Very strong
Gives extra strength to structures
Eg tendon, ligaments and intervertebral discs
164
Hyaline cartilage location
Forms joint surface and is the precursor to Endochondral ossification
Also supports the ribs trachea and bronchi
165
Primary ossification centre
Appears in the diaphysis of bones
The cartilage cells on the side of the growth plate nearest the diaphysis are steadily converted to bone by osteoblasts
Osteoclasts remodel the interior if the diaphysis and create the medullary cavity
166
Calcifying
Adding calcium
167
Secondary association centre
Appear at the epiphysis of bone
Growth plate produces new cartilage cells on the epiphysis side of the plate elongating the bone at either end
168
Closing the growth plate
One bone gas reached it’s final length the cartilage cells stop dividing and all cartilage is ossified (turned to bone)
End result - osteoblasts have replaced cartilage with bone
