Reproduction Flashcards
(154 cards)
1
Q
What Parts does the reproductive system share with
A
Urinary system. Combines they are referred to as the urogenital system
2
Q
What are the important accessories to the reproductive system
A
Fluid
Hormones
Pheromones
3
Q
What acccesory glands does a male horse contain (same for small mammals/rodents)
A
Vesicular glands (x2)
Prostate gland
Bulbourethral glands (x2)
4
Q
What accessory glands does a male cat contain
A
Prostate gland
Bulbouethral glands (x2)
5
Q
What accessory glands does a male dog contain
A
Prostate gland
Bulbus glandis
6
Q
Testes including epididymis
A
Where sperm is stored and matured
7
Q
What to the male accessory sex glands contain and where do they sit
A
Fluid and nutrients - pelvic cavity
8
Q
Bulbourethral gland
A
Pre ejaculate - lubes urethra
9
Q
Birds accessory glands
A
Don’t have any as they breed differently (cloaca)
10
Q
How long can sperm survive
A
Up to 5 days after entering female
11
Q
Other names for vas deferens
A
Deferent duct
Ducts deferens
12
Q
Bulbus glandis
A
Bulb in the Penis of dogs
13
Q
In birds and reptiles what’s significant about the testes
A
They are internal unlike mammals which are external
14
Q
Ampulla
A
Widening of vas deferens in front of the bladder
Only found in horses
15
Q
Glands penis
A
End of penis that is softer to aid with insertion
16
Q
Scrotum
A
Sac of skin where the testes sit - pendulus (hang)
17
Q
Rabbit scrotums
A
They have 2 separate scrotums for each tests to sit in.
18
Q
Cryptorchid
A
Retention of testes - sat in abdomen
19
Q
What’s within seminiferous tubules
A
Spermatogenic cells
Sertoli cells
20
Q
Seminiferous tubules
A
Blind corridors lined with epithelium
21
Q
Why are the testicular artery and veins intertwined
A
After comes from aorta so passing the veins cools the blood
22
Q
Optimum temp for sperm
A
34degrees anything higher than 38 could become tumourous
23
Q
Spermatogenic cells
A
Create sperm cells by dividing via meiosis (haploid cells)
24
Q
Sertoli cells
A
Secrete oestrogen and nutrients to prolong sperm survival
25
Outside of the tubules
Leydig or interstitial cells
26
Leydig cells
Secrete testosterone via ISCH from the pituitary gland
27
When do testes drop/decent in different species
Cats/dogs = 3 months old
Horses = 30days before birth to 10days after
Rabbits = 2 months
28
Before testes drop
Surrounded by one layer of peritoneum
29
What do the testes travel down once leaving the abdominal cavity
Iguinal canal
30
After testes descent
Have a double layer of peritoneum
31
Cat penis
Barbed / penile spine - pain response sent to brain of female - cat mates - releases egg (induced ovulators)
32
Induced ovulation
No sex = no ovulation (cats)
33
Which birds have penis
Only ducks
34
How is semen transferred in birds and reptiles
Apposition of Cloaca ( female and male have these)
35
Birds internal testes size
Can increase up to 10x during breeding season
36
When is mating season in birds
Summer months
37
Male Snakes and lizards
Have 2 hemipenes at base of tail - inverted sacs only become obvious during mating
38
Male tortoise penis
Lies in ventral cloaca
39
Female reproductive parts
Ovaries
Oviducts
Uterus (horns and body)
Cervix (only if they give birth to live young)
Vagina
Vulva
Labia
Clitoris
40
Ectopic pregnancy
Pregnancy inside abdomen
41
Fimbriae
Finger like projections that waft egg into oviducts
42
Infudibulum
Structure / horn of uterus
43
Cervix
Very muscular ring of smooth muscle that is contracted with a very small opening
44
Uterine body
Part that isn’t split (horns)
45
Cervix when pregnant
Seals with a mucus plug
46
Vestibule
Section of vagina that’s caudal to opening of urethra (found in all species)
47
Uterine horns
Where offspring sits
Straighter horns = multiple offspring (dogs/cats)
48
What are the 3 layers of uterus
Endometrium
Myometrium
Mesometrium
49
Endometrium
Epithelial layer that thickens during pregnancy to support foetus
50
Myometrium
Smooth muscle that contracts during parturition (labour)
51
Mesometrium
Mesentery of uterus (Broad ligament)
52
Duplex uterus
Uterine horns
2 cervices - each open to uterine horn
No uterine body
RABBITS
53
Bipartite
Uterine horns
Single cervix
No uterine body
SMALL MAMMALS
54
Bicornuate
Uterine body
Uterine horns
Single cervix
CAT/DOG/HORSE
55
Simplex
Single uterine body
Single cervix
No horns
HUMANS
56
What is the endocrine system
Messenger system - hormones are released by internal glands directly into the circulatory system
Hormones target and regulate distant organs
57
Endocrine
Hormones are secreted into blood
58
Exocrine
Chemical secretions produced by glands
59
Components of endocrine system
Pituitary gland
Thyroid and parathyroid glands
Adrenal gland
Pancreas
Ovaries
Testes
60
Reproductive hormones
Known as gonadotropins and include
ICSH
FSH
LH
61
What are the reproductive hormones release by
Anterior pituitary gland (front half)
62
ICSH
Interstitial Cell stimulating Hormone (male equivalent to LH)
63
What does ICSH do
Stimulates testes to produce testosterone and sperm
64
FSH function
Stimulate ovaries to develop and release eggs by going to follicle
65
LH function
Luteinising hormone causes ovulation by rupturing follicle so egg is released
66
What are the hormones produced in response to gonadotropins
Testosterone - from testes
Oestrogen - from ovaries
Progesterone - from ovaries
67
Corpus luteum
Empty follicle
68
More than 1 offspring
Multiple follicles get ready if Animals have more than 1 offspring
69
If animal not pregnant
Progesterone drops
70
Corpus luteum releases what
Progesterone - main hormone during pregnancy
Prepares and maintains uterine lining
Prepares mammary glands for lactation
71
Canine oestrus cycle
Spontaneous ovulation
Mono - oestrus cycle
6 months first cycle
72
Feline oestrus cycle
Induced ovulation
Seasonally polyoestrous (jan-sept)
5 months first cycle
73
Equine oestrus cycle
Spontaneous ovulation
Seasonally polyoestrous (April-oct)
12-15 months first cycle
74
Monoestrous definition
1 breeding cycle will release 1 egg every 6 months
75
Seasonally polyoestrous definition
Brain reacts to temp and time of day (summer ish) to start cycle
Release multiple eggs every cycle
Go through a period of inactivity
76
Spontaneous ovulation
Brain will release LH every time animal cycles
77
Induced ovulation
Only release LH after being mated
78
Canine pro-oestrus
Last for 9 days
Follicular development and oestrogen production
Enlarged vulva with blood stained discharge
79
Canine oestrus stage
Last 9 days
Oestrogen at peak
LH causes ovulation at start
After ovulation progesterone is produced from corpus luteum
Enlarged Vulcan with straw/clear discharge
Can become pregnant at this stage
80
Canine metoestrus stage
Last 90 days
Progesterone still produced (slowly drops) but no longer fertile or receptive
Vulva no longer enlarged
No discharge
81
Canine anoestrus
3 months (up to 9)
No ovarian activity
82
Feline oestrus stage
Last for 4-10 days
Oestrogen at peak
Ovary ready to release egg
Queen will roll, rub, lordis, call, urinate more
Receptive to males
83
Lordis
Rump I’m air with tail to side
84
Feline Dioestrus
Last for 14 days if not mated
Normal behaviour
Mature follicle will reduce if no pregnancy
FSH causes new follicles to develop
Oestrogen starts to be produced by follicles
85
Oestrus and dioestrus
Alternate releasing egg between jan - sept
86
Feline anoestrus
Last for 4 months (sept to jan)
No ovarian activity
87
Equine oestrus stage
Oestrus lasts for 3-5days
Oestrogen at peak
Ovary ready to release egg
Mare will raise tail, hind legs apart, squirt, urinate more, winking
Ovulation occurs towards end of phase
88
Winking
Rhythmically contract vulva to expose clitoris
89
Equine dioestrus
Last for 14-16 days
Normal behaviour
Mature follicle size will reduce if no pregnancy
FSH causes new follicles to develop
oestrogen starts to be produced by follicles
90
Equine oestrus and dioestrus
Cycle Between the 2 between April - October
91
Equine Anoestrus stage
Last for 7 months (oct-April)
No ovarian cycle
92
Ferrets
Seasonally polyoestrous (march and august)
Induced ovulators
Die if don’t mate (high levels of oestrogen can kill them)
93
Rabbits
Induced ovulators
No true oestrus cycles
Cycle as and when very often
Go through all hormonal changes
94
Rats and mice
Non seasonally polyoestrous
Continually cycle
95
Hamster and gerbils
seasonally polyoestrous
Spontaneous ovulators
96
Oviparous
Give birth to eggs
97
Viviparous
Birth to live young
98
Multiparous
More than one offspring
99
Uniparous
One offspring
100
Oviviviparous
Egg inside hatches to give birth to live
101
Tortoises
Oviparous - can produce eggs twice a year
Females have longer hindlimb claws than males (digging holes to bury eggs)
102
Lizards geckos and chameleons
Can be oviparous, viviparous or ovoviviparous but young are born outside the egg not internally
103
Geckos
Temp at which eggs are incubated determines the sex
Higher temp = males
104
Snakes
Oviparous (pythons) or viviparous (boa constrictor)
105
Birds
Oviparous
106
External anatomy of mammary glands
Mammary gland
Teat
107
Internal anatomy of mammary glands
Glandular/secretory tissue
Gland cistern/sinus
Teat cistern/sinus
Teat canal
Teat orifice
108
Number of mammary glands depends on number of offspring
Bitch 5 pairs
Queen 4 pairs
Horse 1 pair
(Double the amount they need)
109
Glandular/secretory tissue
Where mastitis occurs
Similar to lungs with alveoli
Smooth muscle pushes down milk
Epithelial cells specialise into fat sugars and proteins
110
Gland cistern/sinus
Where milks drains into
111
Teat cistern/ sinus
Space in teat
112
Teat canal
Narrow tube to teat orifice (exit of teat)
113
Lactation is influenced by what 3 hormones
Progesterone
Prolactin
Oxytocin
114
What is progesterone released by
Corpus luteum
115
Prolactin
Produces milk in last 3rd of pregnancy
Released by pituitary gland
116
Oxytocin
Causes contraction of smooth muscle of uterus and myoepithelial cells during actual birth
Allows let down of milk
into gland cistern
117
Canine mating
Coitus into tied
Tied can be 10 to 30mins
Painful
Copulatory lock due to Bulbus glandis
Can damage penis
Don’t seperate
118
Male and female donkey
Jack and Jenny
119
Male and female cat
Tomcat and queen
120
Male and female ferret
Hob and Jill
121
Name of ferret/rabbit offspring
Kit(ten)
122
Name of Guinea pig offspring
Pup
123
Specialised germ cells
Spermatozoa (sperm)
Ova (egg)
Haploid cells (half number of chromosomes)
124
Zygote
Diploid cell made by the fusion of sperm and egg within fallopian tube
125
Embryo
Zygote undergoes cell division to form the embryo
126
Blastiocyte
Very early embryo
Implanted into lining of uterus
127
Time line of baby
Fertilisation
Zygote
Blastiocyte
Embryo
Foetus
128
Foetus
An implanted embryo into uterus wall
2 weeks in cat/dog
40 days in horse
Develops during gestation period
129
Gestation period
Larger the animal the longer the gestation
130
Gestation for dogs/cats
63days
131
Gestation for horses
330days
132
Gestation for rabbits
31days
133
Gestation I’m ferrets
41days
134
Gestation in rats
21-23 days
135
Gestation in mice
19-21 days
136
Gestation in hamsters/gerbils
15-18 days
137
Genetic makeup in horses and donkeys
Horse = 64 chromosomes
Donkey = 62 chromosomes
138
Mule
Female horse
Male donkey
63 chromosomes
139
Hinny
Female donkey
Male horse
63 chromosomes
140
Donkey/horse hybrids
Odd number of chromosomes means they are sterile (can’t reproduce)
141
Placenta
Delivers nutrients/oxygen via umbilical vein to foetus from mother
removes waste products via umbilical artery
142
How is foetus attached to placenta
Umbilical cord
143
2 different types of placenta
Zonary - partially covers feotues (dog)
Diffuse - fully covers foetus (horse)
144
Parturition
Giving birth
145
Stage 1 of birth
Foetus sends stress hormones to mother (cortisol)
Corpus luteum stops releasing progesterone
Vulva enlarges
Cervical dilation caused by oxytocin - mild contractions then cervix relaxes
146
Stage 2 of birth
Delivery of foetus
High levels of oxytocin
Stony contractions
Rupturing of amniotic sack (water bag) green is normal
Leg and face first
Born in half an hour of each other
147
Stage 3 of birth
Expulsion of placenta
No more than 30mins after foetus
If it’s a litter - pass between stage 2 and 3 no more than 2 hours between foetus
148
Amniotic sac
Don’t want it to come out whole without placenta
Means foetus is not connected to oxygen source
149
Which blood vessels is the main supply of blood to the ovary
Ovarian artery
150
Which urinary structure lies central to the uterus in the body
Bladder
151
Which point along the female reproductive tract would you spay
Uterine body
Cranial to cervix
152
How does urethral opening differ between humans and animals
Urethral opening is higher up in animals than humans
153
Which structure attached to the testicles will straighten out to become the vas deferens
Epididymus
154
Where does vas deferens transport sperm to
Urethra
