Cells

Question 1

What is the smallest unit of the body - how can they be seen

Answer 1

Cells - only be seen under microscope

Question 2

Significance of cell structre

Answer 2

Same basic structure but can look different depending on location

Question 3

Order of size

Answer 3

Cell - tissues - organs- organ systems - organisms

Question 4

What are the 3 basic functions cells carry out

Answer 4

Taking in nutrients/oxygen
Excreting waste
Reproducing by division

Question 5

Nucleus

Answer 5

Membrane bound structure holds DNA for the cell

Question 6

Cytoplasm

Answer 6

Fluid inside cell allows substances to move throughout

Question 7

Cell membrane

Answer 7

Allows substance in and out of the cell. Outer layer holds everything together within the cell

Question 8

What are the 4 main types of tissue found in the body

Answer 8

Epithelial
Muscle
Connective
Nervous

Question 9

Definition of tissues

Answer 9

Similar cells found in one location

Question 10

Function of epithelial tissue (epithelium)

Answer 10

Lines the internal and external surfaces of the body.
Provides protection absorption and secretion. (The thicker it is the more protective) addition of keratin helps this (claws)

Question 11

When is epithelial known as endothelium

Answer 11

When it covers structures such as lining of the heart, blood vessels and lymph vessels.

Question 12

Types of epithelial tissues

Answer 12

Squamous - flattened/squashed shape
Cuboidal - square/cube shaped
Columnar - column shaped
Stratified/ compound - more than one layer
Simple - one cell thick/one layer

Question 13

What is epithelial tissue connected to

Answer 13

Basement membrane made of collagen protein

Question 14

Pseudostratified

Answer 14

Simple layer that appears stratified because nuclei are at different levels but is not.

Question 15

Simple squamous epithelium location

Answer 15

Areas of diffusion ( alveoli, blood/lymph vessels, glomerulus)

Question 16

Simple squamous epithelium function

Answer 16

Allows diffusion of materials to occur and secretes lubrication

Question 17

Simple cuboidal epithelium location

Answer 17

Lining of ducts, glands and kidney tubes

Question 18

Simple cuboidal epithelium function

Answer 18

Secretes and absorbs

Question 19

Simple columnar epithelium location

Answer 19

Lining of organs with an absorptive or secretory function ( GI tract)

Question 20

Simple columnar epithelium function

Answer 20

Secrets and absorbs

Question 21

Stratified epithelium description

Answer 21

Can be squamous (most common), cuboidal, or columnar. Multiple layers - tough can contain keratin for extra protection.

Question 22

Stratified epithelium location

Answer 22

Areas subject to friction (oesophagus, mouth, skin epidermis)

Question 23

Stratified epithelium function

Answer 23

Protects against abrasion

Question 24

Pseudostratified description

Answer 24

Closely packed cells appear stratified but are all attached to basement membrane. Almost always columnar with cilia

Question 25

Pseudostratified epithelium location

Answer 25

Along respiratory airways (bronchi)

Question 26

Pseudostratified epithelium function

Answer 26

Protects against large dust particles, pollutants, pollen, corrosive agents and pathogens

Question 27

What is cilia

Answer 27

Finger like protects to waft dust, mucus up to throat to cough out.

Question 28

What can epithelial cells also contain

Answer 28

Cilia - ciliated (airways) Glands - glandular (gut)

Question 29

What is the unique type of epithelium

Answer 29

Transitional (can stretch) found in bladder, urethra and 2x uretras.

Question 30

Ciliated epithelium location

Answer 30

Line tubes / cavities where materials must be moved/trapped (respiratory tract/oviduct)

Question 31

Ciliated epithelium function

Answer 31

Beats rapidly to move/waft particles/fluid within lumen or cavity

Question 32

Transitional epithelium description

Answer 32

Type of stratified epithelium where multiple layers of cells can change shape

Question 33

Transitional epithelium location

Answer 33

Lines bladder, urethra and uterus

Question 34

Transitional epithelium function

Answer 34

Allows urinary organs to expand and stretch

Question 35

Glandular epithelium description

Answer 35

Epithelium has interspersed secretory (goblet) cells

Question 36

Glandular epithelium location

Answer 36

Mucus membrane (intestine, oral cavity)

Question 37

Glandular epithelium function

Answer 37

Secrets protective sticky mucus onto membrane surface

Question 38

Muscle tissue

Answer 38

Brings about movement

Question 39

3 main types of muscle tissue

Answer 39

Smooth - involuntary Cardiac - involuntary Skeletal - voluntary

Question 40

Skeletal muscle

Answer 40

Attached to skeleton Voluntary movement Striated (internal components arranged in lines) Large tubular cells ( much longer than other muscles so require more nuclei) Contracts as one

Question 41

Smooth muscle

Answer 41

Lines internal organs (not heart) Involuntary movement Non striated Tapered cells Contracts in a wave - to pass food along GI tract

Question 42

Cardiac muscle

Answer 42

Only in heart (myocardium) Involuntary movement Striated Connected by intercalated discs Branched cells Contracts in a wave (which is sped up due to presence of intercalated discs)

Question 43

Intercalated disc function

Answer 43

Makes impulse pass from cell to cell very quickly - found only in cardiac muscle

Question 44

Connective tissue function

Answer 44

Supports and hold all of the organs and tissue of the body in place. Provides transport system within the body - carrys nutrients to body and waste away. Support, store energy, move

Question 45

Examples of connective tissue

Answer 45

Bone! Cartilage, fat, blood

Question 46

2 types of connective tissue proper

Answer 46

Loose and dense

Question 47

Loose connective tissue

Answer 47

Fibres contain loose open framework

Question 48

Dense connective tissue

Answer 48

Fibres densely packed

Question 49

Examples of loose connective tissue

Answer 49

Areolar and adipose tissue

Question 50

Areolar function

Answer 50

Attached skin to structures underneath (pluera and peritoneum)

Question 51

What does Areolar contains

Answer 51

Elastic fibres for flexibility Collagen fibres for strength Reticular fibres (type of collagen) also providing strength Nuclei Fibroblasts to create the fibres

Question 52

Adipocytes function

Answer 52

Stores fat (lipids) and maintains connective tissue. To protect skin and organs

Question 53

3 roles of fat

Answer 53

Thermoregulation, protection, energy

Question 54

Dense regular tissue

Answer 54

Tendon - mostly collagen - strong so muscle doesn’t rip off bone. Neat rows densely packed.

Question 55

Dense elastic tissue

Answer 55

Ligament - mostly elastic - stretchy to allow range of movement

Question 56

Which ligament isn’t stretchy

Answer 56

Cruciate ligament in the knee

Question 57

Tendon connects what to what

Answer 57

Muscle to bone

Question 58

Ligaments connect what to what

Answer 58

Bone to bone

Question 59

Nervous tissue

Answer 59

Made up of many individual nerve cells (neurons) Transmit nerve impulses from one area to another

Question 60

Neuron structures

Answer 60

Dendrons/dendrites and synaptic endings Cell body Nucleus Axon hillock Axon Schwann cell (layers of myelin sheath) Node of Ranvier

Question 61

Dendrons/dendrites and synaptic endings

Answer 61

Finger like projections forming connections with other nerve cells known as a synapse

Question 62

Cell body

Answer 62

Where nucleus is found and rest of organelles

Question 63

Nucleus

Answer 63

Holds DNA

Question 64

Schwann cells

Answer 64

Full of lipid to insulate the axon (myelin sheath)

Question 65

Node of Ranvier

Answer 65

Gaps in the myelin sheath