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Clinical Anatomy > Respiratory > Flashcards

Respiratory Flashcards

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1
Q

Purpose of mucus membrane

A

Line all cavities that are exposed to outside - ureogenital, digestive, respiratory
Moist
Lubricates passageways
Protects from abrasion, particles and pathogens

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2
Q

Upper respiratory tract

A

Nose
Pharynx
Larynx
Trachea

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3
Q

Lower respiratory tract

A

(Splits after trachea)
Bronchi + bronchioles
Alveoli

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4
Q

Respiratory system is lined with what

A

Mucus membrane
Connective tissue areolar
Covered in glandular epithelium

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5
Q

External nares

A

Air enters respiratory system via nostrils
Some aquatic birds don’t have these external nares

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6
Q

External nares leads to

A

Nasal cavity

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7
Q

Nasal cavity divided into 2 chambers

A

Separated by a septum
Filled with scrolls of bones (turbinates)
Covered in epithelium

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8
Q

Conchae

A

All of the turbinates together
Gaps are the meatus
Warm/moisten air
Cilia and mucus traps particles
Air exit internal nostrils (choana)

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9
Q

Philtrum

A

Small gap/groove in skin
Help channel odurs to nose
Horses don’t have this
Humans have wide version

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10
Q

Vomeronasal organ

A

Aka Jacobsons organ
Detects pheromones

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11
Q

Ethmoid turbinates with olfactory epithelium

A

Dotted along mucus membrane are smell receptors
Ethmoid bone separates from olfactory bulb

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12
Q

Olfactory bulb

A

The part of the brain the nerve signals go to

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13
Q

Nasal turbinates with respiratory epithelium

A

Moisten and warm air

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14
Q

Flehmen response

A

Smell deeply or sense pheromones
Trying to pass air over vomeronasal organ (Receptors in front of mouth)
Can be stress or pain response

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15
Q

What species have Salt glands

A

Green iguanas
Gulls
Penguins
Puffins
(Species living in salty environments)

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16
Q

What do salt glands do

A

Located in nares
Excrete excess salt through sneezing
Caused by drinking salty water and needing to get rid of the salt

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17
Q

Pharynx

A

From nasal cavity air passes to pharynx
Region at back of mouth
Shared by digestive and respiratory systems

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18
Q

What are the 3 section’s pharynx splits into

A

Nasopharynx (back of nasal cavity)
Oropharynx (back of mouth)
Laryngopharynx (sits above trachea and larynx)

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19
Q

Roof of mouth parts

A

Hard palate at the front
Soft palate at the back
Seperate nasal cavity from mouth

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20
Q

Epiglottis

A

Partly attached to the tongue

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21
Q

Why do horses and rabbits only breathe through nose

A

Epiglottis is hooked behind the soft pallet so blocks airways to mouth
Makes intubation hard

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22
Q

Intubation

A

Tube into airways to administer medication or keep airways open

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23
Q

Eustachain tubes (horses)

A

One on each side of head connect nasopharynx to middle ear
Equalise pressure
Have pockets on them called guttural pouches either side of head

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24
Q

Role of guttural pouches

A

Cools down blood going to brain by passing over carotid artery

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25
Nosebleeds (epistaxis) linked to guttural pouch disease
Fungus grows round (due to warm moist environment) and breaks down artery wall causing large nosebleed Could lead to death
26
Why cant guttural pouches be palpated
Mandibular bone and parotid salivary glands lie lateral to them
27
Larynx
Functions to prevent anything other than air entering the lungs Made up of cartilage Vocal ligaments inside bring about sound
28
Epiglottis
Area that closes over the larynx during swallowing
29
Aspirate
When food goes down the wrong way
30
Thyroid cartilage
Adams Apple Thyroid gland sits either side
31
Hyoid bone
Attaches to tongue
32
Cricoid cartilage
Complete ring of cartilage
33
Tracheal cartilage
Cartilage surrounding the trachea Incomplete ring (C shape)
34
Trachea
Made up of incomplete cartilage rings which keep trachea open Connected by smooth muscle Flexible to allow movement Extends the length of the neck Enters thoracic inlet
35
Birds trachea
Rings of cartilage are complete and O shaped To avoid tracheal collapse
36
Bird vocalisation
Lack an epiglottis, thyroid cartilage and vocal chords Susceptible to aspiration
37
Syrinx
Voice box/swelling (equivalent to vocal chords) Found in caudal end of trachea Trachea splits into 2 at syrinx
38
Bifurcation
When the trachea divides into left and right bronchi Each enters a lung
39
Bronchi
Surrounded by cartilage rings Divide into smaller and smaller tubes called bronchioles
40
Bronchioles
Lose their cartilage walls as they get smaller till only smooth muscle
41
2 types of bronchioles
Terminal - first bit of air that enters Respiratory bronchioles (narrowest) leaving to alveoli
42
Alveoli
Sac like structure surrounded by blood vessels (capillaries) Thin membrane Simple squamous epithelium Millions in each lung
43
Lung lobes in cat/dog
Left 3 - cranial, middle, caudal Right 4 - cranial, middle, accessory, caudal
44
Lung lobes in horses
Left - cranial, caudal Right - cranial, accessory, caudal Lack middle on both sides
45
Lung lobes in rabbits
Left - cranial, caudal Right - cranial, middle, accessory, caudal
46
Lung lobes in snake
1 lung on the right (major) Left shrivelled up
47
Why is the left lung smaller
Heart is offset to left hand side Right lung has an extra lobe (accessory)
48
What is each lung covered by
Pulmonary pleura (visceral pleura - organ) Seperated from parietal pleura by pleural space
49
Pleural space
Contains a vacuum Lubrication comes from blood due to leaky vessels
50
Birds respiratory system
10 times more efficient due to high altitude and low oxygen levels
51
Bird air sacs
9 air sacs Cervical x2 Interclavicular Anterior thoracic x2 Posterior thoracic c2 Abdominal x2
52
Bird lungs
Semi rigid Do not significantly inflate or deflate
53
Bird respiration
Continuous circulation of air passes through the lungs twice Most gaseous exchange occurs during second passage No true diaphragm (to accommodate air sacs)
54
Inspiration (breathing in)
Intercostal muscles contract diaphragm contract down Volume of thoracic cavity (chest) increases Pressure in lungs decreases Lungs pulled outwards and up Air sucked in
55
Expiration (breathing out)
Passive process (no muscles contract - just relax) Volume of thoracic cavity decreases Pressure in lungs increase Lungs collapse (Air leaves)
56
Hiatus
Opening / breathe in something
57
Movement of air
High pressure to low pressure
58
Respiratory cycle
Diaphragm contracts Intercostal muscles contract (Both require energy) Thorax enlarges Inspiration complete Diaphragm relaxes Intercostal muscles relax Both passive (no energy) Expiration complete
59
Key function of respiratory system
Transport inspired air containing oxygen along respiratory passages and to alveoli for gaseous exchange Transport CO2 out of body
60
Physiology of respiration
Millions of alveoli provide large surface area for gaseous exchange Oxygen diffuses across pulmonary membrane of the alveolus into capillaries blood Oxygen exchange pd for CO2 CO2 excreted in expired air
61
Control of respiration
Respiration centres within pons and medulla of the hindbrain Inspiration centre - controls inspiration Expiration centre - controls expiration Expiration is mainly passive but impulse from the expiratory centre may assist
62
Rate and depth of respiration
Controlled via Stretch receptors and chemoreceptors
63
Chemoreceptors
Measure pH and oxygen level Peripheral - in walls of aorta and carotid artery (large blood vessels) Central - in medulla of brain
64
Why are there pH changes in the blood during respiration
High levels of CO2 lowers pH (makes more acidic) Chemoreceptors detect this change and send a signal to the inspiratory centre of the brain
65
Blood pH
7/7.3
66
Control of inspiration
Impulse from inspiratory centre travels to diaphragm via phrenic nerve and to intercostal muscles via the intercostal nerve
67
Stretch receptors
Lie within walls of bronchi/bronchioles When Lungs expand sufficiently - send message to inspiratory centre via the vagus nerve (stop inspiring and start expiring)
68
Hering Bruer reflex
Vagus nerve (stops inspiring and starts expiring) inhibits further inspiration (initiates expiration as the diaphragm and intercostal muscles relax)
69
Respiration rates of cat (bpm)
20-30 range 10
70
Respiratory rate of dog (bpm)
10-30 range 20
71
Rabbit respiratory rate (bpm)
30-60 range 30
72
Mouse respiratory rate (bpm)
100-250 range150
73
Horse respiratory rate (bpm)
8-20 range 12
74
African parrot respiratory rate (bpm)
15-45 range30
75
Cornsnake respiratory rate (bpm)
6-10 range 4
76
Respiratory rate in fit amimsls
Fitter the animal the lower the respiratory rate due to efficient lungs
77
Respiratory rate in small animals
Smaller the animal the quicker the rate of respiration
78
Total lung capacity
The total volume of air in lungs
79
Tidal volume
The volume of air breather in or out in one normal breathe
80
Functional residual volume
The volume of air left in the lungs after one normal breath
81
Vital capacity
The maximum volume of ai that can be forced out of lungs
82
Residual volume
Volume of air left in the lungs after forced expiration
83
Anatomical dead space
The volume of air that does not reach the alveoli- equal to the volume of the trachea, bronchi and bronchioles
84
How much oxygen is in inspired air
21%
85
How much oxygen in expired air
16%
86
How much CO2 in inspired air
0.04%
87
How much CO2 in expired air
4-5%
88
Most prevalent gas in air
Nitrogen 78%
89
How many olfactory receptors does a canine nose have
300 million

Clinical Anatomy (16 decks)

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