Blood System

Question 1

What is the viscosity (density) of blood?

Answer 1

4-5 (water is 1)

Question 2

What is the mean pH of blood?

Answer 2

7.4

Question 3

What is the osmolarity of blood?

Answer 3

Concentration of solutes in plasma
280-320, mean- 300

Question 4

What is the salinity of blood?

Answer 4

Concentration of NaCl in the blood
0.85%

Question 5

How is the temperature of blood?

Answer 5

Slightly higher than “normal” body temperature

Question 6

What is the function of blood?

Answer 6

Carrier for nutrients (O2, CO2, waste products, proteins, hormones)
Thermoregulation
Maintains normal fluid balance and pH
Clinical diagnostic tools

Question 7

What does blood transport?

Answer 7

Oxygen from the lungs
Nutrients from digestive tract
Metabolic wastes to lungs and kidneys
Hormones from endocrine glands to target organs

Question 8

What are the 3 layers of blood?

Answer 8

1. Erythrocytes (45%, PCV or hemocrit)
2. Buffy coat (leukocytes/ platelets 1%)
3. Plasma

Question 9

What does plasma contain?

Answer 9

91%-92% water
8-9% solutes (proteins, lipids, electrolytes)

Question 10

Staining of blood cells

Answer 10

Blood smear dried
Fixed in alcohol
Stained with Romanowsky’s stains

Question 11

What are the different Romanowsky’s stains?

Answer 11

Wright’s (mix of methylene blue and eosin)
Giesma

Question 12

Erythrocytes characteristics

Answer 12

Biconcave discs
Central pallor
Largest on dogs, smallest on goats/ sheep

Question 13

Anisocytosis

Answer 13

Slight variation in RBC size

Question 14

Poikilocytosis

Answer 14

Variation on RBC shape
Common in goats and deer

Question 15

What causes sickle cell?

Answer 15

Due to inherited alteration in Hb

Question 16

Rouleau formation

Answer 16

Stacking RBCs
Common in horses and cats
Intermediate in dogs and pigs
Rare in ruminants

Question 17

Reticulocytes

Answer 17

Immature RBC
Contain RNA and polysomes
Reticular mesh when stained with methylene blue but not wrights stain

Question 18

Blood smear of reticulocytes

Answer 18

1-2% seen on smears of dogs and cats
Not seen on horses and ruminants

Question 19

When do reticulocytes increase?

Answer 19

In anemia in all species except horses

Question 20

Howell-Jolly Bodies

Answer 20

Nuclear fragments that appear as basophilic inclusions within RBCs
Normally seen in dogs and cats

Question 21

Heinz Bodies

Answer 21

Results from the oxidation of Hb and appear as refractile, light, pale areas in Hb (cats especially)

Question 22

What is the average life span and size of RBC in cattle?

Answer 22

160 days
5.5 um

Question 23

What is the average life span and size of RBC in dogs?

Answer 23

120 days
7 um

Question 24

What is the average life span and size of RBC in horses?

Answer 24

145 days
5.7 um

Question 25

What is the average life span and size of RBC in goats ?

Answer 25

125 days 3.2 um

Question 26

What is the average life span and of RBC in sheep?

Answer 26

150 days

Question 27

What is the average life span on RBC in cats ?

Answer 27

73 days

Question 28

What is the average life span on RBC in pigs ?

Answer 28

79 days

Question 29

Leukocytes

Answer 29

Made of granulocytes and agranulocytes Predominate in dogs and cat

Question 30

Granulocytes (WBCs)

Answer 30

Neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils

Question 31

Agranulocytes

Answer 31

Lymphocytes and monocytes

Question 32

Neutrophils

Answer 32

12-15 micrometers Multi-lobed nucleii with barr bodies in females First line of defense Pale azurophilic granules (non-specific lysosomes)

Question 33

Leukocyte makeup

Answer 33

Neutrophils- 40-70% Eosinophils - 2-8% Basophils- 0-2% Monocytes- 3-8% Lymphocytes- 20-40%

Question 34

How do neutrophils circulate?

Answer 34

Circulate for 6-14 hrs --> emigrate to CT and function for 48-96 hr --> die or leave body via digestive epithelium

Question 35

When do nuetrophil numbers increase?

Answer 35

During bacterial infections

Question 36

Eosinophils

Answer 36

10-15 micrometers Bilobed nuclei Increase during parasitic infections Phagocytize antigen-antibody complex Microphage

Question 37

How do Eosinophils look in horses?

Answer 37

Large Brick-red Mulberry-like shape

Question 38

How do Eosinophils look in cattle?

Answer 38

Small Round Fill the cell

Question 39

How do Eosinophils look in dogs?

Answer 39

Few to many Vary in shape Rarely fill the cell

Question 40

How do Eosinophils look in cats?

Answer 40

Rod shaped Grayish orange

Question 41

Basophils

Answer 41

10-15 micrometers Nuclear lobe taken up by basophilic granules IgE receptors F: secrete histamine, heparin and serotonin

Question 42

Monocytes

Answer 42

Largest blood leukocyte 12-18 micrometers in diameter Large and kidney shaped nucleus Vacuoles in cytoplasm in activated cells

Question 43

What happens to monocytes in the CT

Answer 43

When they emigrate to the Ct they differentiate into macrophages

Question 44

Lymphocytes count in leuokocytes (different animals)

Answer 44

Dogs, cats, horses- 20-40% Ruminants, rats, mice- 60-70% Pigs- 50-60%

Question 45

Lymphocytes

Answer 45

Small 6-9 micrometers (dogs and cats) Large 9-15 micrometers (cows) T&B cells Heterochromatic

Question 46

Thrombocytes

Answer 46

2-3 micrometres 9-12 day life span Formed from cytoplasmic processes of megakaryocytes F: blood clotting and sealing defects in wall of blood vessels

Question 47

When do lymphocytes increase?

Answer 47

During chronic infections

Question 48

Where are thrombocytes nucleated?

Answer 48

Fish, reptiles, birds

Question 49

Thrombocytes makeup

Answer 49

Cytoplasm surrounded by a cell membrane containing mitochondria, dense bodies, alpha granules in center, and microtubules and microfilaments in periphery

Question 50

What is the average life span on RBC in camalidae?

Answer 50

60 days

Question 51

What is the average life span on RBC in birds?

Answer 51

35 days

Question 51

What is the average life span on RBC in birds?

Answer 51

35 days

Question 52

Total leukocytes

Answer 52

Horse: 5.5-12.5 x10^3 Cattle: 4-12 Dog: 6-17 Cat: 5.5-19.5 Sheep: 4-12 Swine: 11-22

Question 53

What does the presence of reticulocyte and rubricyte indicate?

Answer 53

Regenerative anemia (increasing RBC production and releasing reticulocytes)

Question 54

Heterophils

Answer 54

Neutrophils in rabbits, guinea pigs, avian, reptile, amphibian and some fish Granules are large and reddish

Question 55

Anemia

Answer 55

Condition that develops when your blood produces a lower-than-normal amount of healthy red blood cells.

Question 56

What is eosinophils anti-inflammatory role?

Answer 56

Inhibits histamine in hypersensitivity reaction

Question 57

Microcytosis

Answer 57

When RBC size is smaller than normal range

Question 58

Polycythemia

Answer 58

Type of blood cancer Causes bone marrow to make too many RBCs Thicken blood, slowing flow (blood clots)

Question 59

Macrocytosis

Answer 59

When RBCs are lager than normal Detected in blood tests

Question 60

Basophilic stippling

Answer 60

Basophilic granules dispersed through the cytoplasm of RBC in the blood smear Cases of lead poisoning or heavy toxic metals