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Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

What makes up the central nervous system?

A

Brain and spinal cord

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2
Q

What makes up the peripheral nervous system?

A

Nerves outside of the CNS and ganglia

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3
Q

What do motor nerves do?

A

Transmit impulses from the CNS to the body
Divided into somatic and autonomic systems

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4
Q

What do sensory nerves do?

A

Transmit impulses to the CNS

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5
Q

What is the autonomic system further divided into?

A

The sympathetic and parasympathetic systems

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6
Q

What are the cell types of the nervous system?

A

Neurons
Neuroglia cells

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7
Q

Neurons

A

Conduct impulses
Consists of multiple dendrites and a single axon (cell body + processes)

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8
Q

Cell body

A

Perikaryon
Has a nucleus, RER (Nissl body), golgi, lipofuscin and neurofilaments and microtubules

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9
Q

T/F: Lipofuscin increases with age

A

True

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10
Q

Dendrite

A

Transmits impulses towards the body
Contains organelles except golgi
Has arborized terminals (permits a neurons to receive stimuli from other neurons)

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11
Q

Axon

A

One axon per neuron
Conducts impulses away from the body
Originates from the axon hillock
Lacks organelles except microtubules and neurofilaments

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12
Q

Where does the axon terminate?

A

In many branches called telodendrions that form synapses with dendrites of other neurons

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13
Q

What are the different types of neurons?

A

Unipolar, bipolar, multipolar, pseudo-unipolar

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14
Q

Unipolar

A

Single process
Rare in vertebrates
Present in developing NT

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15
Q

Bipolar

A

Single axon with a single dendrite
Present in sense organs

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16
Q

Mutlipolar

A

Possess a single axon and more than 1 dendrite
Most common

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17
Q

Pseudo-unipolar

A

Possess a single process that branches into an axon and dendrite
Present in spinal and cranial ganglia

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18
Q

Neuroglia cells

A

Support, nurture and protect neurons

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19
Q

What are the different types of neuroglia cells?

A

Astrocytes
Oligodendrocytes
Microglia
Ependymal cells
Schwann cells

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20
Q

Astrocytes

A

Feet like process that surround blood vessels and form a part of the blood-brain barrier
Protoplasmic in gray matter
Fibrous in white matter

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21
Q

Oligodendrocytes

A

Located in white and gray matter
Produces myelin for several axons in the CNS

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22
Q

Microglia

A

Small, phagocytic, derived from monocytes (mesoderm)
Condensed, elongated nucleus

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23
Q

Ependymal cells

A

Line neural tube and ventricles of the brain
Formation of the cerebrospinal fluid
Have cilia (moving CSF)

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24
Q

Schwann cells

A

Located around the PNS
Synthesize myelin sheath (for one axon)

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25
Synapse
Sites where signals are transmitted from one neuron to another or a muscle cell (neuromuscular)
26
What are the different types of synapses?
Axodendritic, axosomatic, axoaxonic (rare)
27
Synaptic morphology
Axon terminal, presynaptic membrane (Ca++ channels), postsynaptic membrane and synaptic cleft
28
What are the different types of neurotransmitters?
Acetycholine Norepinephrine Glutamic acid Gamma-aminobutyric acid Dopamine Serotonin Glycine
29
Where is Acetylcholine (ACh) released?
Released at myoneural junctions, all parasympathetic synapses, and preganglionic sympathetic processes
30
Where is Norepinephrine released
At postganglionic sympathetic synapses
31
Where are glutamic acid, Gamma-aminobutyric acid, dopamine, serotonin, glycine normally released?
Released at neuronal synapses in the brain
32
Nerves
Bundles of nerve fibers surrounded by CT sheaths
33
Epineurium
Surround nerves
34
Perineurium
Surrounds fascicles
35
Endoneurium
Surround nerve fiber
36
What is an individual nerve fiber enveloped by?
A myeline sheath (produced by Schwann cell in PNS and oligodendrocytes in CNS)
37
Nodes of Ranvier
Regions along the length of the nerve fiber Lack myelin sheath Discontinuities between adjacent Schwann or oligodendrocytes
38
What do the axolemma at the nodes contain?
Many Na+ pumps and allows saltatory conduction
39
Saltatory conduction
Jumping of the AP from one node to the next
40
What are the different types of nerve fibers?
Type A, B and C
41
Type A nerve fiber
Myelinated, thick, conduct impulse at 15-100 m/sec
42
Type B nerve fiber
Moderately myelinated Thinner than A Conduct impulse at 3-14 m/sec
43
Type C nerve fiber
Thin, unmyelinated May or may not be covered in Schwann or olgd. Conduct impulse at 0.2-2 m/sec
44
Ganglia
Aggregations of neuronal cell bodies outside the CNS Ex: dorsal root ganglion sensory and motor
45
Reflex Arc
Consists of a minimum of 2 (usually more) neurons Parts: receptor, afferent limb, integrating center, efferent limb, effector
46
What does white matter have.
Nerve fibers and nueroglia cells
47
What does Gray matter have?
Neurons, nerve fibers and neuroglia cells
48
Meninges
Cover and protect the CNS 3: dura mater, arachnoid and pia mater Spaces: epidural, subdural and subarachnoid)
49
Dura mater
Fused with periosteum in brain (no epidural space), free in SC Thick dense CT lined with simple squamous
50
Arachnoid
Thin membrane lined by simple squamous Connected by trabeculae to the pia mater
51
Pia mater
Thin, vascular membrane attached to the nervous tissue
52
Spinal Cord
White matter in outside (dorsal and ventral columns) Gray matter inside (dorsal and ventral and lateral) Horns (central canal lined by ependymal cells)
53
Cerebellar Cortex
Gray matter outside White matter inside 3 layers: molecular, purkinje cells and granular layer
54
Molecular layer of cerebellar cortex
Mainly cell processes , few nuclei
55
Purkinje cells
Multipolar neuron Each cell receives thousands of excitatory and inhibitory impulses
56
Granular layer of the cerebellar cortex
Closely packed small granule cells Receptor neurons
57
Cerebral cortex
Cells and fibers arranged in layers Number depends on the area of brain and species Large domestic species: 3-4 layers Molecular --> External granular -->
58
What is in the molecular layer of cerebral cortex?
Fibers and nueroglia cells
59
Granular layers of the cerebral cortex
External: granule cells Internal: small granule cells Cells are receptor neurons
60
Pyrimidal layers of the cerebral cortex
External: small pyramidal Internal: large pyramidal Cells are motor neurons and dominant
61
What is in the pyramidal layers of the cerebral cortex?
External: small pyramidal cells Internal: large pyramidal cells Cells are motor and dominant neurons
62
Layers in order of the cerebra cortex
Molecular --> External granular --> External pyramidal --> Internal Granular --> Internal pyramidal --> Fusiform
63
Blood-brain barrier
Un-fenestrated endothelium with tight junctions between endothelial cells and thick basal lamina surrounded by astrocytes
64
Choroid plexus:
Folds of pia mater in brain ventricles CT core covered by simple cuboidal ependymal cells Secrete CSF
65
Cerebrospinal fluid
Fills the ventricles of the brain, central canal of the SC and subarachnoid space Produced by choroid plexus
66
How is CSF reabsorbed?
Reabsorbed by arachnoid vili into venous sinuses of the brain
67
What can't nerves do?
Divide and can't be replaced when injured so nerve fibers regenerate
68
Steps of nervous tissue regeneration and degeneration
1. Wallerian degeneration (degeneration of nerve fiber distal to site of injury) 2. Primary degeneration (degeneration of a small part of the fiber proximal to the injury) 3. Chromatolysis (loss of Nissl bodies and lateral migration of the nucleus) 4. Proliferation of schwann cells which form tube like structure 5. Re-growth of fibers by sprouting 6. Growth of nerve fiber sprout into the tube 7. Eventual re-connection of the nerve fiber with the muscle
69
When are neuromas formed?
If nerve fibers fail to connect with the muscle (horses)
70
Receptors
Peripheral specialized nerve endings of afferent neurons which respond to environmental changes
71
Exorecptors
Receptors associated with ectoderm
72
Non-encapsulated receptors
1. Free nerve endings in the epidermis(touch and pain) 2. Merkel's disc in skin and buccal cavity (touch)
73
Encapsulated receptors
1. Pacinian corpsule: pressure, a large lamellar body found in skin, nipples, genitalia and tendon 2. Meissner's capuscle: touch and tactile found in fingers, lips, nipple, genitalia
74
What are the different proprioceptors?
Muscle spindle Golgi tendon
75
Muscle Spindle
Stretch receptors within skeletal muscle that apprise in the CNS about the sense of motion, muscles, joints and tendons
76
What are the different parts of muscle spindles?
Extrafusal fibers: norm skeletal m. fibers Intrafusal fibers Innervation (sensory): Type la (center) and Type IIa
77
What are intrafusal fibers?
Modified skeletal muscle fibers that consist of central nuclear bag fibers and peripheral nuclear chain fibers
78
Golgi tendon
Tension receptors in tendon Composed of encapsulated collagen fibers supplies by type Ib sensory fibers
79
When is the Golgi tendon stimulated?
When the muscle contracts too strenuously and the tension on the tendon increases
80
How does the golgi tendon prevent further contraction?
Impulses from type Ib fibers inhibit the alpha efferent motor neuron to the muscle

Microanatomy (18 decks)

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