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Urinary system Flashcards

1
Q

What does the urinary system consist of?

A

Paired kidneys, ureters, unpaired bladder and urethra
Transitional epithelium
Urethra: strat cuboidal to columnar

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2
Q

What are the functions of the kidney?

A

Produce urine
Removal of waste products
Regulate electrolyte level
Maintaining acid base and electrolyte homeostasis
Regulate blood pressure and erythropoiesis

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3
Q

How is the kidney divided?

A

Morphologically divided into outer cortex and inner medulla

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4
Q

How are kidnyes in domestic animals classified?

A

Uni-pyramidal, multi-pyramidal and multi-lobar

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5
Q

Uni-pyramidal

A

One pyramid
Cortical and medullary tissues fused into one lobe
In cats, dogs, horses and small ruminants

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6
Q

Multi-pyramidal in pigs and man

A

Cortical tissue fused but medullary tissue is separate as pyramids within a lobe

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7
Q

Multi-pyramidal in adult cattle

A

Cortical tissue is partially separate and medullary tissue is separate as pyramids within a lobe

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8
Q

Multi-lobar

A

Each lobe has a separate cortex and medulla
In seals

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9
Q

Pelvis

A

Space (center) where urine collects
Lamina propria contains mucous glands in horses (frothy appearance of urine)

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10
Q

Cortex

A

Outer region where most of the glomeruli found
Contains renal corpuscle, proximal convoluted tubule, distal convoluted tubule, and initial portions of the collecting tubules

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11
Q

Medulla inner region

A

Collecting ducts empty into pelvis with thin segments of desc and asc. limbs, collecting tubules and papillary ducts

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12
Q

Medulla outer region

A

Contains thick and thin segments of descending limb, thick segments of the ascending limb and collecting tubules

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13
Q

What does the parenchyma of the kidney consist of?

A

Nephrons
Collecting ducts

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14
Q

What are the 4 parts of the nephron?

A

Renal corpuscle
Proximal convoluted tubule
Loop of Henle
Distal convoluted tubule

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15
Q

What does each renal corpuscle have?

A

Glomerulus (branches of afferent arteriole)
Bowman’s capsule (sites for blood filtration)

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16
Q

What does the Loop of Henle have?

A

Descending limb (thick and thin segments)
Ascending limb (think and thick segments)

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17
Q

What are the 2 types of nephrons?

A

Cortical and juxtamedullary

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18
Q

Cortical nephrons

A

Renal corpuscles are in the periphery of the cortex
Have shorter loop of henle and extend to outer medulla

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19
Q

Juxtamedullary nephrons

A

RC located near the cortico-medullary junction
Longer LH, extend to tip of medulla

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20
Q

Nephron

A

Urine forming parts
Filters blood and modify renal ultrafiltrate

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21
Q

Collecting duct

A

Straight tubules that begin in cortex, descend into medulla and open at tip of papilla

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22
Q

Collecting duct function

A

Collect, modify and transport urine to the ureter

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23
Q

Significance of a longer LH?

A

The longer the LH, the greater the urine concentration
Fish: short
Camel: longest amoung domestic animals
Birds: longer than camels

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24
Q

Renal corpuscle characteristics

A

150-200 microns
2 poles: vascular, urinary
F: blood filtration and renal ultrafiltrate formation

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25
Vascular pole of the RC
Where afferent arteriole enters and efferent arteriole leaves
26
Urinary pole of the RC
Where renal ultrafiltrate leaves the capsular space and enters the PCT
27
What does the capsular space of the RC do?
Collects renal ultrafiltrate that enters the PCT
28
Podocytes
Modified squamous cells of visceral layer Feet-like primary processes (podocytes) Secondary processes (pedicles)
29
Bowman's capsule characteristics
Visceral layer (inner) Parietal layer (outer) Layers enclose capsular space
30
Visceral layer of the Bowman's capsule
Inner layer Surround capillaries’ endothelial cells Made of podocytes
31
Parietal layer of the Bowman's capsule
Outer layer Simple squamous cells that change into cuboidal cells of the proximal tubule
32
What forms the blood-urine barrier?
Podocytes and endothelial cells of capillaries
33
Macula Densa
Modified cells of the distal tubule next to modified smooth cells of afferent arteriole (juxtaglomerular cells) F: Monitor changes in the osmolality and vol of fluid entering the DCT
34
Blood-urine barrier
Endothelium (fenestrated) Thick basal lamina of endothelial cells and podocytes Pedicles separated by filtration slits
35
Basal lamina of the blood-urine barrier
Charge and size barrier Molecules smaller than 65 K can enter Negatively charged heparin sulphate particles and glycoprotein
36
Why is the glomerular filtrate formed?
Because glomerular capillaries are interposed between 2 arterioles (afferent and efferent) and have a higher hydrostatic pressure
37
GF of a beagle
10 kg beagle will produce 37 ml of Gf perminute, 14 gallons a day 1% of filtrate will be excreted in urine and rest reabsorbed
38
Proximal convoluted tubule absorption
100%reabsorption of glucose, amino acids and small proteins 80% reabsorption of NaCl and water
39
PCT
Lined with simple high cuboidal epithelial cells Brush border, pinocytic vesicles, lysosomes
40
Mitochondria in PCT
Extensive infoldings that supply energy for active transport of Na+, K+ pump @ basolateral plasma membrane
41
PCT secretion
Secrete into renal filtrate certain organic acids (creatinine) and foreign substances (drugs and toxic chemicals)
42
Distal Convoluted Tubule
Lined by simple low cuboidal epithelial cells Well developed infoldings that transport cells across basal cell membrane
43
DCT cells
Na+ ions are removed from filtrate (5-10%) and are replaced by K+, H+ and ammonia ions, then K and H are secreted into the lumen
44
What are the DCT cell processes stimulated by?
Aldosterone
45
Function of DCT
Maintaining acid-base, electrolyte and K+ balance
46
Hows does DCT compare to PCT?
DCT has larger lumen (no brush border and lower cell height), greater number of cells per cross section
47
Thick descending and ascending segments of Loop of Henle
DS is structurally and functionally like PCT AS is structurally and functionally like DCT Simple low to high cuboidal epithelium, diluting segments
48
Thin descending and ascending segments of Loop of Henle
20-25 mm Lined by simple squamous epithelium Function: Water retention and only animals with thin can concentrate urine
49
Only the _____ descending limb is freely permeable to water
Thin
50
T/F: The entire ascending limb is impermeable to water
True
51
What are apart of the countercurrent mechanism for urine concentration?
Descending and ascending limbs, arterial and venous vasa recta in the medulla
52
Collecting duct system
Arched and straight collecting tubules Papillary ducts (high columnar) 2 cells: principal with light cytoplasm and intercalated with dark cytoplasm Simple Cuboidal (cortex)
53
When does an animal suffer from polyuria and polydipsia?
In the absence of ADH, urine is hypnotic
54
What stimulates ADH release?
Dehydration and factors that lower blood pressure
55
What decreases ADH secretion?
Alcohol
56
Principal cells in the cortex
Absorb sodium and water under the effect of aldosterone and K secretion Secrete hydrogen ions
57
Principal cells in the medulla
Impermeable to water, and become permeable under the effect of ADH
58
Intercalated cells
Dark cytoplasm due to many mitochondria, polyribosomes and membrane-bound vesicles Secrete hydrogen ions and reabsorb bicarbonate ions- acid-base homeostasis
59
Thick descending and ascending segments of Loop of Henle are sites of _________
diuretic action
60
What does furosemide (loop diuretic) do?
Block Na+, K+ 2Cl cotransporter,
61
What does thiazides (tubule diuretic) do?
Block Na+, Cl- cotransporter at the apical cell membrane resulting in retention of Na+ and water in the lumen
62
What are the 3 components of the Juxtaglomerular apparatus?
JG cells, macula densa and extra-mesangial cells
63
JG cells
Modified smooth muscle cells of afferent arteriole Endocrine and secrete renin
64
Extra- mesangial cells
Lie between afferent and efferent arterioles
65
Intra- mesangial cells
Lie within the RC F: maintain the normal thickness of the basal lamina by phagocytosing foreign particles
66
What is the function of the JG apparatus?
Maintain blood pressure
67
How does JG maintain blood pressure?
Renin- angiotensin- aldosterone pathway 1.Decrease in fluid volume detected by macula densa cells 2. JG stimulated and secretes renin 3. Renin acts on angiotensin 1 4. angiotensin converted into angiotensin 2 5. angiotensin 2 to aldosterone 6. absorption of Na+ and water 7. Increased BP and homeostasis of water and ions
68
What does angiotensin 2 do?
Leads to increased blood pressure (most potent vasoconstrictor)
69
Blood supply to the kidney
1. Renal artery branches to form interlobar arteries 2. IA branch and turn into arcuate arteries 3. AA branch and turn into interlobular arteries 4. interlobular arteries branch to form afferent arterioles 5. afferents break up into glomersular capillaries 6. Blood filtered then leaves via efferent arterioles 7. EA break into cortical peritubular capillaries that surround PCT, DCT and collecting tubules 8. Fluid absorbed and enters back into circulation
70
How often does the body blood pass through both kidnyes?
Every 4-5 minutes
71
Ureter
Mucous glands in horses T. muscularis (2-3 layers) Inner longitudinal and outer circular T. adventitia (outer long.)

Microanatomy (18 decks)

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