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Microanatomy > Bone > Flashcards

Bone Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of bones?

A

Support
Protection
Movement
Electrolyte balance
Blood formation

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2
Q

What is the only way that bone grows?

A

Appositional mechanism

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3
Q

What is the macroscopic structure of the long bone?

A

Diaphysis, proximal and distal epiphyses (growth plate), metaphysis
Marrow cavity
Articular cartilage
Periosteum
Endosteum
Marrow spaces

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4
Q

Marrow cavity

A

A central space that contains bone marrow cells

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5
Q

Articular cartilage

A

The joint surface between 2 bones

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6
Q

Periosteum of the long bone

A

An outer covering that contains bone marrow cells and an inner osteogenic layer of stem cells
Absent at articular cartilage

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7
Q

Endosteum

A

Marrow spaces and trabeculae of spongy bone

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8
Q

Macroscopic structure of the cranial bone (flat)

A

Outer plate
Diploe
Inner plate

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9
Q

Periosteum of the cranial bone (flat)

A

Covers the outer surface of both the inner and outer plates
The inner plate is fused with the duramater of the cranial cavity

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10
Q

How are the inner surfaces of both plates in a cranial bone lined?

A

Marrow spaces of the diploe and are lined by endosteum

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11
Q

Microscopic structure of the compact bone

A

Ground substance containing inorganic calcium and phosphate salts (hydroxyapatite)
Cells
Type 1 collagen in the matrix (lamellae)

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12
Q

How are the lamellae of the compact bone classified as?

A

Outer circumferential under the periosteum
Inner circumferential under the endosteum
Concentric (osteons)
Interstitial between osteons

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13
Q

What cell types are in the compact bone?

A

Osteoprogenitor, osteoblasts, osteocytes and osteoclasts

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14
Q

What is the bone organic bone matrix made of?

A

Type 1 collagen fibers
Non mineralized (chondroitin sulfate and keratin sulfate) ground substance

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15
Q

Metaphysis

A

Area involved in elongation between diaphysis and epiphysis in growing bones

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16
Q

What is the bone inorganic bone matrix made of?

A

Hydroxyapatite (calcium and phosphorus) mineralized osteoid

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17
Q

What is spongy bone called in flat bones?

A

diploe

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18
Q

Primary/ Woven bone

A

Newly formed, immature bone, rich in osteocytes
Osteoclasts and osteoblasts numerous in surrounding endosteum
Low mineral content

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19
Q

Where isn’t primary bones replaced in adults?

A

Tooth sockets, insertions of some tendons

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20
Q

What is the first bone tissue to appear in embryonic development and in fracture repair?

A

Primary bone

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21
Q

Secondary (Mature) Bone

A

Found in adults
Lamellar bone (calcified matrix, 3-7 micrometers thick)
Matrix organized as lamellae

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22
Q

Osteon

A

Haversian System
Concentric body lamellae surrounding small Haversian canal with blood vessels, osteocytes, nerves and loose CT

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23
Q

Cement line

A

Outer boundary, collagen rich layer of osteon

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24
Q

Haversian Canal

A

Single trophic unit in osteon
Involves the common nutrition
(circle in the middle of the bone)

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25
Volkmann's Canal
Connects adjacent Haversian canals Connect the periosteum and endosteum bringing blood vessels to the bone (long skinny tunnels)
26
Mature Osteon
Lined by osteoprogenitor cells Haversian canal is narrow Regular lamelle React to stain
27
What are the 3 types of osteons?
1) mature osteons 2) forming osteons 3) Resorption osteons
28
Interstitial systems
Remnants of osteons after remodeling Present between regular osteons Irregular lamellar structures without central Haversian canal
29
Forming osteons
Haversian canal lined by osteoblasts
30
Resorption osteons
HC lined by osteoclasts HC wide and irregular
31
Remodeling of bones
1. Resorption of osteons 2. Osteoblasts appear in the resorption cavity and start building a new generation of osteons 3. Remnants of the previous osteon forms in interstitial system Continues throughout life
32
Appositional Growth
Occurs when new bone tissue is deposited on the surface of the bone (thickening) Osteoprogenitor cells Solid matrix
33
Interstitial Growth
Produces longer bones as the cartilage lengthens and is replaced by bone tissue Addition within Chondroblasts Denser matrix
34
Osteoprogenitor Cells
Stem cells found in the endosteum, inner layer of the periosteum and the Haversian canal
35
Osteoprogenitor cells differentiation
They multiply and: 1) become osteoblasts at sites where new bone must be synthesized 2) Become chondroblasts in an environment of low oxygen tension
36
Osteoblasts
Bone forming cells Found in same location as osteoprogenitor cells and bone surface Synthesize osteiod matrix Large, rounded branched cells, basophilic
37
Osteocytes
Mature osteoblasts surrounded by their own matrix Lie in lacunae interconnected by canaliculi (communication and exchange) Branched
38
Osteoclasts
Bone eating cells found on the bone surface Multinucleated, derived from monocytes Lie in Howship's lacunae (enzyme eroded depressions)
39
Osteoid
Uncalcified matrix made of type 1 collagen and ossseomucoid
40
What stimulates osteoprogenitor cells to differentiate into osteoblasts?
Stress and fractures --> which build a new bone
41
How do neighboring osteocytes in a mature osteon connect with each other?
Via cytoplasmic process that lie in the canaliculi and this allows osteocytes to get nutrients from distant vessels
42
What are the functions of osteocytes?
Maintenance of bone density, homeostasis, and blood concentration of calcium and phosphate Calcium continuously renewed by osteocytes
43
Ruffled border
On the side of the osteoclast facing the bone surface Composed of finger-like projections of the cell membrane extending to the Howship's lacunae Increase the surface area of bone resorption
44
What are the functions of osteoclasts?
Resorption, remodeling and bone repair
45
Osteogenic cells
Mesenchymal stem cells in the periosteum and endosteum Small oval/elongated, pale cytoplasm and oval nuclei
46
Characteristics on the osteoclasts
Large, multinucleated Acidophilic Ruffled border facing bone marrow
47
Clear zone
An area of cytoplasm that seals off an acidic micro-environments containing lysosomal enzymes Bone resorption occurs here
48
What is tranfered into the clear zone?
Collagenase and protons from osteoclasts, that break down collagen fibers and calcium salts
49
What phagocytizes the remnants of bone resorption?
Osteoclast
50
What is the function of calcitonin?
Decreases serum calcium levels and deposits it in bone through a reduction in osteoclastic activity Encourages bone tissue formation that can b used in clinical treatment of osteoporosis Produced by parafollicular cells of the thyroid gland
51
Osteoporosis
Porous bone Disease where density and quality of bone are reduced Old age and post-menopausal women Bone resorption increases more than bone formation
52
Osteogenesis
Formation of bones 1) Intramembranous ossification 2) Endochondral ossification
53
Spongy Bone
Composed of interconnected trabeculae that surround cavities filled with bone marrow Bone matrix with osteocytes
54
What is each trabecula lined with in spongy bones?
By endosteum containing osteoprogenitor cells, osteoblasts, osteoclasts
55
Bone marrow
Soft tissue present in the marrow cavity of a long bone and in the spaces of a spongy bone Red and yellow types
56
Red bone marrow
Marrow cavity of all bones in young animals that are filled with red marrow (myeloid/ hematopoietic tissue)
57
Yellow Bone marrow
In adults the red marrow will turn into fatty yellow tissue except in the skull, vetebrae, sternum and pelvic girdle
58
Intramembranous ossification
Occurs in embryonic development Develop in fibrous sheets called trabeculae Mesenchymal cells lining trabecula in the presence of blood vessels differentiate into osteoblasts, which synthesize osteoid, then is calcified
59
Endochondral ossification
Matrix of preexisting hyaline cartilage is eroded and replaced by osteoblasts producing osteoid
60
What are the trapped osteoblasts in the calcified matrix?
Osteocytes
61
How is spongy bone converted to compact bone?
When the trabeculae at the surface of the bone continue to grow and calcify until the spaces between them are filled in
62
What are some examples of intramembranous ossification?
Flat bones of the skull Part of the scapula and pelvic girdle Mandible Maxilla Calvicle
63
Steps for endochondral ossification
1) Formation of periosteal collar in the periphery 2) Hypertrophy of cartilage cells in the center of the cartilage models 3) Calcification of cartilage matrix 4) Degeneration of cartilage cells 5) Infiltration of periosteal bud carrying blood vessels and osteoblasts in the middle of the cartilage matrix 6) Replacement of woven bone by lamellar bone This repeats until until the entire cartilage is replaced by bone except epiphyseal plate
64
Zones of the epiphyseal plate?
Reserve cartilage cells (resting) Zone of cell proliferation Zone of hypertrophy Zone of calcification Zone of ossification
65
What way CAN'T bones grow?
Interstitial mechanism because cells cannot multiply in a calcified matrix
66
Steps in intramembranous ossification
1) capillaries grow into mesenchyme and release oxygen 2) surrounding mesenchymal cells round up, differentiate into osteoblasts and form osteoid 3) osteoid mineralizes. Osteoblasts become osteocytes 4) bone spicules form and enlarge to form trabeculated of immature bone 5) A single plate (table) of bone are formed 6) immature bone is replaced by mature bone 7) remodeling continues, and two tables of bone are formed 8) The two tables are separated by Diploe
67
Parathormone (parathyroid hormone)
Increases osteoclastic activity which increases bone lysis, release of calcium and PO4
68
Growth hormone
Produced by the anterior pituitary gland Stimulates overall growth of the body
69
Excess growth hormone during growing years
Gigantism
70
Excess growth hormone during in adult years:
acromealgy
71
Deficiency of growth hormone during growing years?
Dwarfism
72
Osteomalacia
Calcium deficiency in adults Deficient calcification of newly fromed bone and decalcified of already formed bone
73
Rickets
Calcium deficiency in children caused by vitamin D deficiency In children Deformed epiphyseal plates
74
Osteopetrosis
Genetic disorder characterized by heavy bones due to defective osteoclastic activity
75
Bone Fracture healing
Blood vessels torn bleed which clots to produce a large hematoma. Clot is gradually removed by macrophages and replaced by a soft fibrocartilage- like mass ( procallus tissue) rich in collagen and fibroblasts. If broken, the periosteum re-establishes continuity over this tissue. Procallus tissue is invaded by regrowing blood vessels and osteoblasts. Later( few weeks) fibrocartilage is gradually replaced by trabeculae of primary bone, forming a hard callus throughout the original area of fracture. Primary bone is remodeled as compact and cancellous bone in continuity with the adjacent uninjured areas and fully functional vasculature is re-established

Microanatomy (18 decks)

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