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Vascular System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the layers of a typical muscular blood vessel?

A

Tunica intima
Tunica media
Tunica adventitia

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2
Q

Tunica intima

A

Endothelium, sub-enthelium tissue with loose CT and capillaries, and internal elastic lamina

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3
Q

Tunica Media

A

Circularly arranged smooth muscle cells separated by collagen and elastic fibers

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4
Q

Tunica adventitia

A

Connective tissue
Adventitia in vessels with thick walls contain vasa vasorum that supply nutrients to the media of thick vessels

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5
Q

What are the 2 main systems in the body?

A

Blood circulatory and lymphatic

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6
Q

Blood circulatory/ Cardiovascular system

A

Transports O2, CO2, nutrients, waste products, defense cells, heat, blood cells and hormones around the body
Maintains pH and temperature

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7
Q

Lymphatic system

A

Transports tissue fluid, lymphocytes, and fats (gut) to the circulatory system
Absent in the CNS and bone marrow

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8
Q

What is structures are included in the systemic blood vessels?

A

Beginning from the heart, the vessels include elastic arteries, muscular arteries, arterioles, metarterioles, capillaries, venules and veins

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9
Q

what separates T. media and T. adventitia in larger muscular arteries?

A

External elastic lamina

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10
Q

Elastic artery characteristics

A

Internal elastic lamina inconspicuous
T. media: thick with elastic and smooth muscle cells
Ex: aorta and brachiocephalic trunk

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11
Q

What do elastic fibers do in elastic arteries?

A

Stretch duirng systole
Coil during diastole
Help maintain continuous flow in vessels during diastole

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12
Q

Artery layers classification

A

4 or more: muscular artery
1-3: arteriole

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13
Q

Arterioles

A

Smallest arteries with less than 0.1 mm in diameter and a narrow lumen
Internal elastic lamina present
T. media has 1-3 muscle cell layers

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14
Q

What is the function of the arteriole?

A

Regulate blood pressure

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15
Q

Metarterioles

A

Between arterioles and capillaries
Surrounded by an incomplete layer of smooth muscle (precapillary sphincters)

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16
Q

Precapillary sphincters

A

Contraction prevents blood from entering the capillaries
Open: blood moves from metarterioles to capillaries then to venules
Closed: blood bypasses capillaries, moves directly from metarterioles to venules

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17
Q

Capillaries

A

8-10 um in diameter
Endothelial layer, basal lamina, pericytes
3 types: continuous, fenestrated, and sinusoidal (discontinuous)

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18
Q

What is the function of capillaries?

A

Permit the exchange of gases, fluids, metabolites and other substances between blood and connective tissue

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19
Q

Continuous capillaries

A

Endothelial cells (continuous) with junctional complex between cells
Pinocytic vesicles in the cell cytoplasm
Continuous basal lamina and pericytes outside BL

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20
Q

Where are continuous capillaries located?

A

Nervous tissue, muscle, CT, exocrine glands and lungs

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21
Q

Fenestrated capillaries

A

Continuous basal lamina and endothelial cells
Wall perforated with fenestrate (60-80 nm)

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22
Q

Where are fenestrated capillaries located?

A

With a diaphragm: endocrine glands, intestine, pancreas
Without a diaphragm: glomerulus of kidney

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23
Q

Sinusoidal (discontinuous) capillaries

A

Larger than others, 30-40 um
Large fenestrations between edothelial cells
Discontinuous basal lamina

24
Q

Where are sinusoidal capillaries found?

A

Liver, spleen, bone marrow, lymph nodes, adrenal cortex and anterior pituitary

25
Venules size
Postcapillary venules: 20-50 um Muscular venules: 50-100 um
26
Venules characteristics
Endothelial layer Basal lamina Collagen fibers to 1-2 cells thick smooth muscle layer
27
What are the function of venules?
Exchange of metabolites and diapedesis (entry of leukocytes into the CT by squeezing through the intercellular junctions)
28
Veins vs. Satellite artery
Larger lumen, usually filled with blood, thinner T. intima and T. media, thicker T. adventitia
29
Venules vs. Arteriole
Venules have a larger lumen, a thinner wall, more blood cells in the lumen
30
Vein sizes
Small: up to 1 nm Medium: 1-10 mm Larger: more than 1 cm (vena cava and pulmonary)
31
Vein characteristics
Have T. media, intima and adventitia Has valves Large veins have smooth muscles in the adventitia
32
What is the function of arteriovenous anastomoses?
Blood goes to metarterioles to venules and bypass capillaries Play an important role in skin's thermoregulation
33
Valves
Two semilunar folds composed of CT rich in elastic fibers Lined on both sides by endothelium
34
Veins Innervation
Supplies by sympathetic fibers that cause vasoconstriction Some blood vessels have cholingeric sympathetic innervation capable of producing vasodilation
35
Lymph capillaries
Begin as blind-ended channels Single layer of endothelial cells with or without fenestrations Lack TJs Discontinuous basal lamina
36
Function of lymph capillaries
Collect excess tissue fluid (lymph) and return it to the venous system
37
Lymph vessels
Possess valves and Larger lumen and thinner walls than small vein Enter lymph nodes before they empty into lymph ducts Afferent entering node, efferent leaving node
38
Lymph ducts
Similar in structure to larger veins T. media has longitudinal and circular smooth muscle cells T. adventitia is poorly developed Thoracic duct, right lymphatic duct
39
Usual sequence of blood flow
Heart --> elastic artery --> muscular artery --> Arteriole --> metarteriole --> capillary --> venule --> vein --> heart
40
Where are arteriovenous anastomoses present?
Skin, penis ovary
41
Where is an arterial portal system present?
Kidney glomerulus Capillaries interposed between 2 arterioles Afferent arteriole: gives rise to mass of capillaries Efferent: gives ride to capillary networks (peritubular and vasa recta) surround nephrons
42
Where is a venous portal system present?
Liver, veins into capillary or sinusoid network draining into a vein Vein interposed between 2 capillary networks
43
What are the 3 layers of the heart?
Endocardium, myocardium and epicardium
44
What is the heart innervation?
Sympathetic and parasympathetic
45
Heart impulse generating and conducting system
SA node (pacemaker) AV node Bundle of His (purkinje fibers)
46
Helical arteries
Subendothelial tissue has longitudinal smooth muscle cushion which helps regulate blood flow Penis and uterus
47
Umbilical artery
T. muscularis has inner circular and outer longitudinal layer
48
Skull Arteries
Lamina elastica interna is very thick T. muscularis is thin
49
Hepatic portal circulation
Capillaries - blood vessel - capillaries Gut arteries--> capillaries --> portal vein --> liver sinusoids --> hepatic vein In liver and intestines
50
What are other portal systems of the body?
Hypothalamus- hypophyseal portal system Renal portal (only in avian)
51
What are the 2 phases of the heart?
Contraction (systole)- active phase when energy expended Relaxation (diastole)- resting phase
52
What forms the microcirculatory bed?
Arterioles, capillaries, post capillary venules
53
Portal system
Blood draining from capillary bed of one structure Flows through larger vessels to supply the capillary bed of another structure then returns to the heart
54
Pericardium
Pericardial sac with serous percardium (parietal and visceral layer)
55
Epicardium
Visceral layer of pericardium Provides support to the outside
56
What are the parts of the epicardium?
Mesothelium: provides serous fluid Subepicardial: Loose CT and adipocytes, support, protect and insulate the heart
57
Endocardium
Endothelium and subendothelium CT Sub CT tissues connect endocardium to myocardium

Microanatomy (18 decks)

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