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Microanatomy > Connective Tissue > Flashcards

Connective Tissue Flashcards

(92 cards)

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1
Q

Why does interstitial fluid continuously move from capillaries into CT?

A

Due to hydrostatic pressure

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2
Q

What happens when there are too few plasma proteins in blood

A

Osmotic pressure decreases within vessels
Fluid leaks out of vessels into CT

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3
Q

Interstitial fluid

A

Tissue fluid that brings nutrients, electrolytes, hormones and oxygen from the blood and dumps waste products into lymph

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4
Q

Extracellular matrix

A

Major component of CT
Made of protein fibers, ground substance and interstitial fluid

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5
Q

Connective Tissue is formed by what components?

A

Cells, fibers and ground substance

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6
Q

Where does CT originate?

A

Mesenchyme

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7
Q

What is mesenchyme?

A

An embryonic tissue made of mesenchymal cells

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8
Q

What are the functions of CT?

A

Binding organs
Support
Physical protection
Immune protection
Movement
Storage
Temperature Regulation
Transport
Repair/ degeneration of damaged organs

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9
Q

Local CT cells

A

Formed locally and remain in the CT
EX: Mesenchymal, fibroblasts, pericytes, mast, adipocytes

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10
Q

Wandering CT cells

A

Formed elsewhere and remain in the CT transiently
EX: macropahges, lymphocytes, plasma cells, neutrophils, eosinophils

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11
Q

CT structures of the body

A

Bone, tendon, blood, fascia, organ capsules, fat

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12
Q

What is the only cell that’s able to leave the blood stream and return?

A

Lymphocytes

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13
Q

What cell is formed elsewhere and remains in the CT permanently?

A

Macrophages

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14
Q

Mesenchymal cells

A

Undifferentiated stem cells present throughout the body
Have long cytoplasmic processes, dispersed chromatin in the nuclei

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15
Q

What are the other types of mesenchymal cells?

A

Chondroblasts (cartilage)
Osteoblasts (bone)
Hemocytoblasts (bone marrow)
Fibroblast (CT)

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16
Q

Fibrocyte

A

Mature form of fibroblast, less active synthetic activity
Inactive at the time seen
Less RER than fibroblasts
Smaller, darker, elongated nucleus
Spindle shaped

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17
Q

Fibroblasts

A

Active permanent cells
Abundant in RER and Golgi bodies
Most prevalent CT cell type

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18
Q

Fibroblasts function

A

Synthesize collagen, reticular and elastic fibers and amorphous extracellular substance (GAGs, proteoglycans, glycoproteins)
Associated with wound healing

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19
Q

Macrophages

A

Originate in the bone marrow as monocytes
Mononuclear cells
Rich in lysosomes
Function: phagocytosis, breakdown aged cells

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20
Q

How do monocytes turn into macrophages?

A

Monocytes will circulate into the blood, then migrate to the CT, where they mature into functional macrophages

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21
Q

Function of macrophages

A

They remove large particles and form a second line of defense in the body

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22
Q

What are on the surface of macrophages?

A

IgG and IgM receptors

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23
Q

Giant cell

A

Macrophages fusing together
Multinucleated and capable of phagocytosing larger foreign bodies

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24
Q

Epithelioid cells

A

Formed when macrophages may encircle the foreign body- they become active

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25
What macrophages are distributed around the body and make up the mononuclear phagocytic system?
Monocytes (blood) Kupffer cells (liver) Microglia cells (nervous system) Langerhans cells (skin) Dendritic cells (lymph node) Osteoclasts (bone) Giant cells (CT)
26
Where are mast cells found?
In groups near blood vessels Loose CT (dermis- lamina propria of respiratory and digestive tracts)
27
Granules of the mast cell
Water soluble (metachromatic) Contain histamine, heparin, eosinophil chemotactic factor and leukotriene C Release in inflammatory responses/ allergic reactions
28
Metachromatic
Cell components changing color with metachromatic dyes Blue dyes to red or purple Ex: mast cells and basophils
29
Heparin
Anticoagulant
30
What do the outer surfaces of mast cells contain?
Ige receptors that mediate hypersensitivity reactions (anaphylactic shock)
31
What does the exposure to foreign antigen lead to? (mast cell)
1. The production of Ige antibodies --> which bind to receptors on the surface of mast cells --> which then become sensitized to the antigen 2. Triggers mast cells to de-granualte and release histamine and leukotriene C
32
What does the release of histamine do?
Increases the permeability of blood vessels (edema) and contraction of smooth muscles cells, which then can lead to dyspnea
33
Eosinophil chemotactic factor
Attracts eosinophils at the edema site, which secrete a factor that breaks down histamine and the anaphylactic responses become less severe
34
What does the release of leukotriene C do?
Induces contraction of smooth muscles, but at a slower rate than histamine
35
Where do lymphocytes originate from?
Lymphoid stem cells of the bone marrow
36
What are the two types of lymphocytes?
B and T cells
37
B cells
Originate and differentiate in the bone marrow Differentiate into plasma cells Called for humoral immune responses (antibodies) 5-15% of blood lymphocytes
38
T cells
Originate in the bone marrow but differentiate in the thymus Secrete cytokines Call for cell-mediated immune repsonse 80-90% of blood circulating lymphocytes
39
What do cytokines do?
Attack foreign cells directly
40
What are the subtypes of T cells
Helper, supressor and killer
41
When do B and T cells increase?
They increase in number in viral infection , surgical transplantation and leukemia
42
Null cells
Type of lymphocyte Lack surface receptors characteristics for T and B cells Have cytotoxic activity against tumor cells
43
Where are plasma cells found?
Sites of chronic inflammation Sites of high risk of invasion (lamina propria of the intestinal and respiratory tracts)
44
Plasma cells
Antibody producing cells that arise from activated B lymphocytes Humoral immunity Nuclear chromatin pattern, basophilic cytoplasms Aggregates the RER
45
Neutrophils
Originate in bone marrow Multi-lobed, cytoplasm rich in lysosomes Phagocytic Number increase in bacterial infection
46
Where do neutrophils go?
Circulate in the blood, the migrate to the CT and don't re-circulate after leaving the blood (CT is the action site and graveyard)
47
Which cell is the first line of defense?
Neutrophils
48
Eosinophils
Bilobed nucleus, cytoplasm contains eosinophilic granules Mildy phagocytic Phagocytose antigen-antibody complexes
49
When do eosinophil number increase?
Parasitic infestations and allergic reactions
50
What is the role of eosinophils?
To cleave histamine and moderate the allergic reaction
51
Pericytes
Undifferentiated stem cells located adjacently to the basal lamina of capillaries Branched with flattened nuclei
52
Collagen
Made of protein tropocollagen and polypeptide chains Tough, flexible, resists stretching Most abundant fiber in the body Form wavy bundles and stain eosinophilic with H&E Extracellular
53
Type I collagen fiber
Most abundant and strongest Consists of bundles of fibers Eosinophilic Present in skin, tendons bone and dentin
54
Type II collagen fiber
Loose aggregates of fibrils Present in hyaline cartilage and vitreous body
55
Type III collagen fiber
Thin reticular (argyrophilic) fibers Present in skin, blood vessels and lymphoid tissue
56
Type IV collagen fibers
Invisible Amorphous Detected by special stains Present in the basement membrane
57
Assembly of Fibrillar Collagens
After secretion, they assemble into collagen fibrils Then the collagen fibrils aggregate into collagen fibers
58
Reticular Fibers
Thin type III collagen fibers coated with glycoprotein They form a sponge-like framework around parenchymal organs (spleen, kidney, uterus, liver lymph nodes) Stained with PAS and black with silver stain
59
What is another name for reticular fibers?
Argyrophilic fibers
60
Elastic Fibers
Branch, made of elastin protein Stretch and recoiling abilities Stained with Van Gieson or Weigert's elastic Found in arteries, trachea, vocal cords, ligamentum nuchae, auricular cartilage, skin
61
Yellow fibers
Fresh elastic fibers that are yellowish
62
Ground Substance
Featureless substance occupying in life empty spaces appearing in tissue sections Composed of GAG, proteoglycans and glycoproteins
63
Glycoaminoglycan (GAG)
Composed of large polysaccharide molecules Negatively charged Attract sodium and potassium Absorb and retain water
64
What is GAGs important role?
Regulating water and electrolyte balance
65
Examples of GAGs
Chondroitin sulfate abundant in blood vessels, cartilage and bone Heparin Hyaluronic acid
66
Proteoglycans
Consists of a core protein where GAGs extend It's attached to hyaluronic acid, forming a large molecule, then slows the spread of organisms through the tissue to help hold cells together
67
Glycoproteins
Protein-carbohydrate complex that bind plasma membrane to collagen and protoglycans outside the cell
68
What is the function of glycoproteins
They bind all the components of a tissue together and make pathways that guide embryonic cells to migrate their destination in a tissue
69
How does loose irregular CT compare to dense CT
Fewer fibers, more cells, more vascular, more abundant and less resistance to stress than dense CT
70
Dense Irregular CT
Primarily of fibroblasts, thick and densely packed collagen fibers Collagen fibers exhibit random orientation and provide strong tissue support In areas where resistance to forces from different direction is needed Dermis
71
Dense Regular CT
Densely packed with regular parallel orientation Predominant cell: fibroblast In tendons and ligaments that are attached to bones
72
How does dense regular CT compare to dense irregular CT
Fewer cells, fewer vessels, more densely arranged fibers than dense irregular CT EX: tendons
73
Mucous CT
Loose CT composed of fibroblasts with several long cytoplasmic processes Intercellular space is filled with jelly-like amorphous ground substance rich in hyaluronic acid and fibers Type 1 collagen EX: umbilical cord
74
Mesenchymal CT
Gel-like amorphous matrix containing mesenchymal cells and a few reticular fibers Present in the umbilical cord and embryos
75
Elastic CT
Branching elastic fibers with few collagen fibers Present in lungs, external ear, glottis, ligamentum nuchae and large blood vessels
76
Reticular CT
Branched reticular fibers Present in the bone marrow, lymphoid organs, surrounding liver sinusoids and smooth muscle cells
77
Adipocytes
CT cells that store fat and produce a variety of hormones Differenciate from mesenchymal cells and accumulate fat in their cytoplasm
78
White adipose tissue
Unilocular adipose cells All of the adipose tissue found in adults throughout the body Stained with H&E Function: store fat
79
Brown adipose tissue
Multi-ocular adipose cells Oxidizes fatty acids 20 times faster than white fat Found in hibernating animals, infants Function: Produce heat
80
What are the 2 forces that act on the capillary wall?
Hydrostatic Pressure Colloid Osmotic Pressure
81
Hydrostatic Pressure
Generated by pumping action of the heart Forces fluid out of the capillary wall
82
Colloid Osmotic Pressure
Results mianly from blood plasma proteins Draws water back into the capillaries
83
When does water move out at the arterial end of the capillary?
Because HP is greater than COP (blood pressure is higher)
84
When does fluid move back at the venous end of the capillary
When COP is higher than HP because the luminal diameter of the capillary and the concentration of proteins increases
85
What leads to edema?
Increased blood pressure --> increased fluid
86
What results in the accumulation of fluid in the tissue?
The blockage of lymph vessels due to pressure or parasites and decreased tone in the values of lymph vessels
87
Extracellular matrix
Major component of CT Made of protein fibers, ground substance and interstitial fluid
88
Myo-fibroblast
Modified fibroblasts Bundles of actin filaments Abundant in areas of wound healing
89
Leukocytes
Migrates from blood vessels to the CT, to sites of injury or inflammation Types: Lymphocytes, neutrophils, basophils
90
Basophils
Lobed nucleus Less than 1% in blood Metachromatic granules that contain heparin and histamine Has IgE receptors
91
Fibroblast Structure
Spindle-shaped, elongated, many cell processes Oval, pale staining regular nuclei, prominent nucleoli.
92
Where may epithelioid cell granuloma occur?
at sites of intense inflammation

Microanatomy (18 decks)

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