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Microanatomy > Cytology > Flashcards

Cytology Flashcards

(66 cards)

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1
Q

Centrioles

A

Short, cylindrical, 9 groups of peripherally arranged 3 microtubules each
Source of basal bodies

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2
Q

What is 2 centrioles at a right angle called?

A

Centrisome

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3
Q

Nucleus

A

Largest organelle, visible with LM
Has chromatin and nucleoli
F: controls/ regulates cell’s activities
Stains with hematoxylin

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4
Q

What is the nuclear material inside the nucleus?

A

Nucleoplasm

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5
Q

Cell cycle

A

G1, S, G2 and M

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6
Q

G1

A

Pre-duplication
Cells performs its specific functions

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7
Q

S

A

Synthesis Stage
Where the centrioles and DNA duplicate

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8
Q

G2

A

Post duplication stage
Cell finishes replicating and synthesizes enzymes that control cell division

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9
Q

M

A

Mitotic Stage
Cell forms 2 daughter cells

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10
Q

G1, G2 and S make up ________

A

Interphase

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11
Q

Nuclear Degenerative Changes

A

Pyknosis
Karyorrhexis
Karyolysis

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12
Q

Pyknosis

A

Clumping Chromatin

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13
Q

Karyorrhexis

A

Breaking down chromatin

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14
Q

Karyolysis

A

Dissolution of chromatin

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15
Q

Phospholipid

A

Molecules arranged in a bilayer with hydrophilic heads facing out and hydrophobic ends facing the CM
Barrier for things to go in and out the cells

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16
Q

Microtubules

A

Cylindrical, 25 nm
Provide support and moving organelles
Part of the cytoskeleton, centriole, basal body, cilium, flagellum
Lumen surrounded with B protofilaments of globular proteins called tubulin

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17
Q

Active Transport

A

Carrier- mediated transport of solute through a membrane up its concentration gradient
Requires ATP
EX: calcium pump, sodium-potassium pump

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18
Q

Osmosis

A

Diffusion of water down its concentration gradient

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19
Q

Renewing cells

A

Body cells continuously replaces @ a fixed interval

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20
Q

When are blood cells replaced?

A

120 days

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21
Q

When are leukocytes and GI epithelial cells replaced?

A

2-3 days

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22
Q

When are skin cells replaced?

A

2-3 weeks

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23
Q

Ribosomes

A

Composed of ribosomal proteins and RNA
F: protein factory
3 types of RNA: tRNA, mRNA, rRNA

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24
Q

tRNA

A

Carries amino acids to ribosomes

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25
mRNA
Carries code for amino acid sequence
26
rRNA
Produces ribosomes with the ribosomal proteins that are responsible for mRNA translations
27
Proteins in the cell membrane
2% CM 50% of the CM weight 2 types: transmembrane and peripheral Function: receptors, enzymes, cell identity markers, second-messenger system, channel proteins, carriers, cell adhesion molecules
28
Transmembrane Proteins
Have hydrophilic regions facing the cytoplasm and ECF, and hydrophobic regions passing back and forth through the lipid of the membrane EX: glycoproteins
29
Peripheral Proteins
Don't protrude through the phospholipids but adhere to the one face of the membrane
30
Cell
The smallest unit of life capable of independent existence
31
Cytoplasmic Inlcusions
Metabolic byproducts Endogenous: Pigments, glycogen, lipids, secretory granules Exogenous: dust, bacteria, viruses
32
Cell Membrane
Semi-permeable with 3 laminae (each 2-3 nm thick) Made of 98% lipids and 2% proteins
33
Diffusion
Passive transport Movement of particles from high concentration to low EX: transport of oxygen into the blood stream
34
What is diffusion directly affected by
Temperature, molecule weight, concentration gradient and surface area
35
Peroxisomes
Spherical bodies, 0.5-1.2 nm diameter Uses O2 to oxidize organic molecules --> produces H2O2--> broken into wtaer and O2 by catalyze enzyme
36
Where are peroxisomes abundant q
Liver and kidney cells they neutralize free radicals and detoxify drugs, alcohol and blood-borne toxins
37
Lysosomes
1. Primary: homogenous 2. Secondary: heterogenous 3. Tertiary: contain undigested material (lipofuscin pigment/ residual body)
38
Autophagy
Cells using lysosomes to digest old organelles
39
Lysosomes in neutrophils and macrophages
Digest/ dispose foreign material
40
Lysosomes in the liver
Break down glycogen
41
Autolysis
Uses lysosomes to shrink its size after pregnancy
42
Golgi Complex
A stack of flat cisternae with inner face (cis, forming) and outer face (trans, maturing) Supranuclear Stained paraffin sections wit silver stain F: receives proteins from RER, processes them, then sorts them to their cytoplasmic destinations
43
Rough ER
Cisternae covered with ribosomes F: Synthesizes proteins destined for other organelles
44
Smooth ER
Cisternae that lacks ribosomes F: Liver- synthesizes steroids, detoxifies alcohol and drugs, stores and releases calcium
45
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Network of interconnected channels called cisternae enclosed by a membrane
46
Mitochondria
Double membrane, cristae Circular DNA, ribosomes and calcium ion in matrix F: powerhouse of the cell Involved in ATP synthesis and the Kreb's cycle
47
The mitochondria synthesizes ____ mitochondrial proteins
13
48
Stable Cells
Body cells Normally don't divide but can divide in response to disease/ injury EX: liver cells
49
Static Cells
Body cell Never divide, stem cells aren't present EX: neurons, cardiac cells G0 phase for life
50
Apoptosis
Process of programed cell death that occurs continuously in all organs throughout life
51
Filtration
Passive transport Driven by hydrostatic pressure EX: transport of water, salts, nutrients
52
Vesicular Transport
Moves large particles, droplets of fluid or numerous molecules at once Contained in vesicles or vacuoles
53
Actin
Microfilament 6 nm thick and form part of cytoplasmic skeleton in all cells Associated with pinocytosis, endocytosis and exocytosis and migratory activities of the cell
54
Intemediate
Microfilament Resists stress placed on cell and forms part of junction Tonofilaments
55
Types of intermediate filaments in the epithelium
Keratin
56
Types of intermediate filaments in the mesenchymal
Vimentin
57
Types of intermediate filaments in the muscle
Desmin
58
Types of intermediate filaments in the Glial cells
Flial fibrillary acidic protein
59
Types of intermediate filaments in the neurons
Neurofilaments
60
Pinocytosis
Cell drinking Bulk transport of small molecules, nonspecific Example: pinocytic vesicles in epithelial cells in kidney
61
Endocytosis
Brings matter into the cell
62
Exocytosis
Removes matter from the cell
63
Phagocytosis
Absorption of large particles by means of pseudopods Occurs only on specialized cells (macrophages and neutrophils)
64
Passive Transport
Requires ATP Ex: filtration and diffusion
65
Active Transport
Requires ATP EX:carrier-mediated and vesicular transport
66
Facilitated Diffusion
the carrier-mediated transport through a membrane down its concentration gradient, but it does not consume ATP,

Microanatomy (18 decks)

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