Blood System Flashcards
(132 cards)
1
Q
Albumin
A
Protein in blood; maintains the proper amount of water in the blood
2
Q
Antibody (Ab)
A
Specific protein (immunoglobulin) produced by lymphocytes in response to bacteria, viruses, or other antigens. An antibody is specific to an antigen and inactivates it.
3
Q
Antigen
A
Substance (usually foreign) that stimulates the production of an antibody
4
Q
Basophil
A
White blood cell containing granules that stain blue; associated with release of histamine and heparin. Parasitic infections & some allergic disorders
5
Q
Bilirubin
A
Orange-yellow pigment in bile; formed by the breakdown of hemoglobin when red blood cells are destroyed
6
Q
Coagulation
A
Blood clotting
7
Q
Colony-stimulating factor (CSF)
A
Protein that stimulates growth of white blood cells (granulocytes)
8
Q
Differentiation
A
Change in structure and function of a cell as it matures; specialization
9
Q
Electrophoresis
A
Method of separating serum proteins by electrical charge
10
Q
Eosinophil
A
White blood cell containing granules that stain red; associated with allergic reactions & parasitic infestation.
11
Q
Erythroblast
A
Immature red blood cell
12
Q
Erythrocyte
A
Red blood cell. There are about 5 million cells per cubic millimeter/microliter of blood
13
Q
Erythropoietin (EPO)
A
Hormone secreted by the kidneys; stimulates red blood cell formation
14
Q
Fibrin
A
Protein that forms the basis of a blood clot
15
Q
Fibrinogen
A
Plasma protein that is converted to fibrin in the clotting process
16
Q
Globulin
A
Plasma protein; alpha, beta, and gamma (immune) globulins are examples
17
Q
Granulocyte
A
White blood cell with numerous dark-staining granules: eosinophil, neutrophil, and basophil
18
Q
Hematopoietic stem cell
A
Cell in the bone marrow that gives rise to all types of blood cells
19
Q
Hemoglobin
A
Blood protein containing iron; carries oxygen in red blood cells
20
Q
Hemolysis
A
Destruction or breakdown of blood (red blood cells)
21
Q
Heparin
A
Anticoagulant found in blood and tissue cells
22
Q
Immune reaction
A
Response of the immune system to foreign invasion
23
Q
Immunoglobulin (gamma globulins)
A
Protein (globulin) with antibody activity; examples are IgG, IgM, IgA, IgE, and IgD.
24
Q
Leukocyte
A
White blood cell
25
Lymphocyte
Mononuclear leukocyte that produces antibodies. Associated w/ viral infections.
26
Macrophage
Monocyte that migrates from the blood to tissue spaces. As a phagocyte it engulfs foreign material and debris. In the liver, spleen, and bone marrow, macrophages destroy worn out red blood cells.
27
Megakaryocyte
Large platelet precursor cell found in the bone marrow
28
Monocyte
Leukocyte with one large nucleus. It is a cell that engulfs foreign material and debris. Monocytes become macrophages as they leave the blood and enter body tissues
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Mononuclear
Pertaining to a cell (leukocyte) with a single round nucleus; lymphocytes and monocytes are mononuclear leukocytes
30
Myeloblast
Immature bone marrow that gives rise to granulocytes
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Neutrophil
Granulocytic leukocyte formed in bone marrow. It is a phagocytic tissue-fighting cell. Also called a polymorphonuclear leukocyte. Pyogenic infections (bacterial).
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Plasma
Liquid portion of the blood; contains water, proteins, salts, nutrients, lipids, hormones, and vitamins
33
Plasmapheresis
Removal of plasma from withdrawn blood by centrifuge. Collected cells are retransfused back into the donor. Fresh-frozen plasma or salt solution is used to replace withdrawn plasma.
34
Platelet
Small blood fragment that collects at sites of injury to begin the clotting process.
35
Polymorphonuclear
Pertaining to a white blood cell with a multi-lobed nucleus; neutrophil
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Prothrombin
Plasma protein; converted to thrombin in the clotting process
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Reticulocyte
Immature erythrocyte. A network of strands (reticulin) is seen after staining the cells with special dyes.
38
Rh factor
Antigen on red blood cells of Rh-positive individuals. The factor was first identified in the blood of a rhesus monkey
39
Serum
Plasma minus clotting proteins and cells. Clear, yellowish fluid that separates from blood when it is allowed to clot. It is formed from plasma, but does not contain protein-coagulation factors.
40
Stem cell
Unspecialized cell that gives rise to mature, specialized forms. A hematopoietic stem cell is the progenitor for all different types of blood cells.
41
Thrombin
Enzyme that converts fibrinogen to fibrin during coagulation
42
Thrombocyte
Platelet
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Bas/o
base (alkaline)
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Chrom/o
color
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Coagul/o
clotting
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Cyt/o
cell
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Eosin/o
red, dawn, rosy
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Erythr/o
red
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Granul/o
granules
50
Hem/o
blood
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Hemat/o
blood
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Hemoglobin/o
hemoglobin
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Immun/o
protection
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Is/o
same, equal
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Kary/o
nucleus
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Leuk/o
white
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Mon/o
one, single
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Morph/o
shape, form
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Myel/o
bone marrow
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Neutr/o
neutral (neither base nor acid)
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Nucle/o
nucleus
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Phag/o
eat, swallow
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Poikil/o
varied, irregular
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Sider/o
iron
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Spher/o
globe, round
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Thromb/o
clot
67
-apheresis
removal, a carrying away
68
-blast
immature cell, embryonic
69
-cytosis
abnormal condition of cells (increase in cells)
70
-emia
blood condition
71
-gen
giving rise to; producing
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- globin
| - globulin
protein
73
-lytic
pertaining to destruction
74
-oid
derived or originating from
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-osis
abnormal condition
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-penia
deficiency
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-phage
eat, swallow
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-philia
attraction for (an increase in cell numbers)
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-phoresis
carrying, transmission
80
-poiesis
formation
81
-stasis
stop, control
82
Any abnormal or pathologic condition of the blood
Blood dyscrasia
83
Deficiency in erythrocytes or hemoglobin. life span of erythrocytes ~120 days. most common type is iron-deficiency anemia.
Anemia
84
Failure of bone marrow to produce adequate peripheral blood elements (pancytopenia). Usually idiopathic, more common in males. Signs/symptoms - dyspnea, ecchymosis, petechiae, fatigue, fever, hemorrhage, menorrhagia, occult blood in the stool, epistaxis, pallor, palpitations, progressive weakness, retinal hemorrhages, weight loss.
Aplastic anemia
85
Large group of anemias in which there is a shortened life span of RBC's usually due to excessive destruction (most of which happens in spleen). Signs/symptoms - chills, fever, pain in back/abdomen, splenomegaly. prostration, shock, jaundice, hemoglobinuria, reticulocytosis.
Hemolytic anemia
86
Megaloblastic anemia. Inability to absorb B12 because of a lack of intrinsic factors from the parietal cells of the gastric mucosa. B12 is necessary for proper RBC development therefore there's a lack of mature erythrocytes. Signs/symptoms - weakness, fatigue, pallor, glossitis, abdominal disturbances, diarrhea, anorexia, ataxia, paresthesias, decreased sense of vibration & position, dementia, neuropsychiatric changes.
Pernicious anemia
87
Autosomal recessive hemoglobinopathy characterized by irreversibly crescent/sickle-shaped RBC's, increased hemolysis, painful crisis & increased susceptibility to infection. Most common in african american pts. Sickling may be induced by hypoxia, high altitude, acidosis, infections & dehydration. Signs/symptoms - jaundice, splenomegaly then hyposplenism, pigmented gallstones, poor healing ulcers on the legs, abdominal pain, delayed puberty, cardiomegaly, priapism, stroke. Crises caused by vaso-occlusion (mainly in bones).
Sickle cell anemia
88
Group of autosomal recessive disorders affecting the ability to produce hemoglobin leading to hypochromic & microcytic RBC's. Alpha & beta thalassemia are two types resulting from deficiencies in alpha & beta globulins respectively (beta form requires transfusion therapy to sustain life). Prevalent in mediterranean, middle eastern, and southeast asian areas.
Thalassemia
89
Excess iron deposits throughout the body from iron overload. Treated by phlebotomy. Signs/symptoms - bronze pigmentation of skin, diabetes, hepatomegaly, eventually cardiac failure.
Hemochromatosis
90
General increase in red blood cells (erythremia) resulting in hyperviscosity. More common in men. Signs/symptoms - none in early stages, headaches, tinnitus, vertigo, blurred vision, epistaxis, spontaneous bruising, upper GI bleed, PUD, arterial/venous occlusive events, pruritis, sweating, weight loss, splenomegaly, hepatomegaly, bone tenderness. Treated w/ phlebotomy or myelotoxic drugs.
Polycythemia vera
91
X-linked bleeding disorder secondary to clotting factor deficiency, severity depends on percentage of clotting factor present. Types include type A (factor VIII), type B/christmas disease (factor IX), von Willibrand, dietary (vitamin K deficiency). Signs/symptoms - easy bruising, bleeding tendencies, tissue hemorrhages, hemarthrosis.
Hemophilia
92
Multiple pinpoint hemorrhages and accumulation of blood under the skin
Purpura
93
Immature blood cells in the bone marrow & peripheral circulation producing an array of neoplastic disorders. Classification based on what type of immature cells predominate in acute & chronic manifestation. If lymphocytes predominate - lymphocytic, if myeloid cells predominate - myelogenous. Causes are unknown, but may be from excessive radiation, toxins or drugs. Signs/symptoms - thrombocytopenia, infection, gingival hypertrophy, bone & joint pain, dyspnea, confusion, headaches, pale skin, purpura, petechiae, stomatitis, lymphadenopathy.
Leukemia
94
Type of leukemia in which immature granulocytes predominate. Platelets and erythrocytes are diminished because of infiltration and replacement of the bone marrow by large numbers of myeloblasts.
Acute myelogenous leukemia (AML)
95
Type of leukemia in which immature lymphocytes predominate. Most often seen in children & adolescents w/ sudden onset.
Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL)
96
Type of leukemia in which both mature and immature granulocytes are present in large numbers in the marrow and blood. Slow progressive illness in which patients (usually over 55) may live for years without encountering life threatening problems. Presence of philadelphia chromosome is diagnostic.
Chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML)
97
Type of leukemia in which abnormal numbers of relatively mature lymphocytes predominate in the marrow, lymphnodes, and spleen. Most common form of leukemia, usually occuring in the elderly. Slow progression.
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL)
98
Abnormal increase in granulocytes in the blood. Eosinophilia seen w/ allergic conditions, Basophilia seen w/ types of leukemia.
Granulocytosis
99
Acute, self-limited infection occurring mainly in adolescents marked by increased numbers of mononuclear leukocytes and enlarged cervical lymph nodes. Transmitted mainly through saliva, incubation period is 20-50 days & course of illness is 2-4 weeks. Implicated in 90% of Burkett's lymphoma cases. Signs/symptoms - anorexia, myalgia, fever, sore throat, pharyngitis, tonsillitis, headache, lymphadenopathy, splenomegaly, maculopapular rash (if ampicillin is given), abdominal pain. Rarely may display as hepatitis, bell's palsy & encephalitis.
Mononucleosis (Epstein-barr virus)
100
Malignant neoplasm of bone marrow plasma cells. Most common primary tumor of the bone. Bence jones proteins. Signs/symptoms - bone pain, pathologic fracture, weakness & fatigue, bleeding (nose/gums), recurrent infections. Treatment w/ analgesics, radiation, palliation w/ chemo.
Multiple myeloma
101
Autologous bone marrow transplantation (ABMT)
The patient serves as his or her own donor for stem cells which may lead to prolonged remission (treatment for malignant neoplasm of bone marrow)
102
Antiglobulin test (Coombs test)
Tests for the presence of antibodies that coat and damage erythrocytes. Diagnostic for hemolytic disease of the newborn, acquired hemolytic anemia, transfusion reactions, and RBC sensitization caused by drugs.
103
Bleeding time
Time required for blood to stop flowing from a tiny puncture wound (ear lobe or forearm), normal is 8 minutes or less. Testing primary phase of hemostasis (formation of hemostatic/platelet plug). Primary screening test for coagulation disorders & single best screening for platelet function disorders.
104
Coagulation time
Time required for venous blood to clot in a test tube, normal is <15 minutes
105
Complete blood count (CBC)
Determination of numbers of blood cells, hemoglobin concentration, hematocrit, and red cell values. Includes; differential WBC count, RBC count, hematocrit, hemoglobin, RBC indices, mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration, platelet count, RBC distribution width, mean platelet volume.
106
Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)
Speed at which erythrocytes settle out of anticoagulated blood in 1 hour (forming column-like clumps called rouleaux formations). Faster settling = higher ESR which indicates an alteration of blood proteins (inflammatory/necrotic processes cause this).
107
Hematocrit (Hct)
Percentage by volume of packed RBC's in whole blood, indirectly measuring RBC mass. Important measurement in the determination of anemia or polycythemia.
108
Hemoglobin test (H, Hg, Hgb, HGB)
Total amount of hemoglobin in a sample of peripheral blood (Hb concentration directly proportionate to oxygen carrying capacity). Important for evaluation of anemia.
109
Platelet count
Number of platelets per cubic millimeter of blood. Platelets are the smallest of the formed elements int eh blood necessary for clotting, vascular integrity, vasoconstriction & adhesion/aggregation activity that results in platelet plug formation.
110
Prothrombin time (PT/Pro time)
Test the bloods ability to clot. Evaluate heparin/coumadin therapy. Prothrombin (factor II) is produced by the liver, depends on adequate vitamin K intake/absorption, & is converted to thrombin in the clotting process.
111
Red blood cell count (RBC)
Number of erythrocytes per cubic millimeter of blood; important in the evaluation of anemia or polycythemia.
112
Red blood cell morphology
Microscopic examination of a stained blood smear to determine the size, shape, structure, Hb content, & staining properties of RBCs.
113
White blood cell count (WBC)
Number of leukocytes per cubic millimeter of blood. Useful guide to the severity of disease process. Leukocytosis (usually caused by increase in only 1 type of leukocyte)= >11,000, leukopenia = <4,000.
114
White blood cell differential
Percentages of different types of leukocytes in the blood
115
Apheresis
Separation of blood into component parts and removal of a select portion from the blood. Plasmapharesis - plasma, plateletpharesis - platelets, leukopharesis - leukocytes.
116
Blood transfusion
Whole blood or cells are taken from a donor and infused into a patient. Autologous transfusion is the patients own blood. Prior to transfusion a compatibility test must be performed to prevent transfusion reactions.
117
Bone marrow biopsy
Microscopic examination of a core of bone marrow removed with a needle. This is the most valuable diagnostic/prognostic test to evaluate hematologic disorder, esp lymphoproliferative disorders such as leukemia.
118
Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation
Peripheral stem cells from a compatible donor are administered to a recipient
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Autologous tranfusion
Collection and later reinfusion of a patients own blood or blood components
120
Blood composition
45% cells - erythrocytes, leukocytes, thrombocytes
| 55% plasma - water, sugar, proteins, salts, hormones, lipids, vitamins
121
4 major plasma proteins
Albumin, globulins, fibrinogen, prothrombin
122
Blood type %
A - 41%
B - 10%
AB - 4% (universal recipient)
O - 45% (universal donor)
123
Anemia resulting from a blood group incompatibility between mother & baby
Hemolytic disease of the newborn
124
Hemolytic anemia caused by abnormal red cell membranes; almost spherical RBC's w/ no area of central pallor
Hereditary spherocytosis
125
Megaloblastic anemia produced by deficiency of folic acid which is necessary for DNA synthesis. Usually caused by dietary insufficiency. Signs/symptoms - malaise, fatigue, weakness, usually no neurological defects.
Folic acid deficiency anemia
126
Hypochromic, microcytic anemia. Anisocytosis (rbc's of unequal size). Most common type of anemia worldwide, not age related, caused by an underlying condition (blood loss, dietary deficiency, malabsorption or gastrectomy). Signs/symptoms - easy fatigability, weakness, tachycardia, palpitations, pallor, brittle nails, ice pica. In severe cases smooth tongue, cheilosis, dysphagia caused by esophageal webs.
Iron deficiency anemia
127
Decrease in platelets after infection (<100,000). Bruising, bleeding gums, GI bleeds, gyn bleeding, prolonged bleeding time.
Idiopathic thrombocytopenia purpura (ITP)
128
Petechiae
tiny, pin point, flat spots appearing on skin
129
Ecchymosis
large bruise
130
Partial thromboplastin time (PTT)
One-stage clotting test screening for coagulation disorders; used to monitor heparin. Detects deficiencies of intrinsic thromboplastin system & defects in the extrinsic coagulation mechanism.
131
Red blood cell indices
Red cell indices define the size/Hb content of RBC. Consists of mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration, & mean corpuscular hemoglobin. Used in differentiation of anemias.
132
Mean corpuscular volume (MCV)
Expresses the volume occupied by a single erythrocyte & is a measure in cubic micrometers; best index for classifying anemias. Normal = normocytic, small = microcytic, large = macrocytic.
