Musculoskeletal System Flashcards
(199 cards)
1
Q
Ankyl/o
A
stiff
2
Q
Chondr/o
A
cartilage
3
Q
Kyph/o
A
humpback
4
Q
Lamin/o
A
lamina
5
Q
Leiomy/o
A
smooth muscle
6
Q
Lord/o
A
curve
7
Q
Lumb/o
A
lower back
8
Q
Myel/o
A
bone marrow
9
Q
Orth/o
A
straight
10
Q
Oste/o
A
bone
11
Q
Rhabdomy/o
A
skeletal muscle
12
Q
Rheumat/o
A
watery flow; referring to joint fluid
13
Q
Scoli/o
A
crooked
14
Q
Spondyl/o
A
vertebra
15
Q
Synov/o
A
synovial
16
Q
Vertebr/o
A
vertebra
17
Q
-asthenia
A
lack of strength
18
Q
-blast
A
immature cell
19
Q
-clast
A
to break
20
Q
-desis
A
bind together
21
Q
-listhesis
A
slipping
22
Q
-malacia
A
softening
23
Q
-physis
A
to grow
24
Q
-porosis
A
pore, passage
25
-stenosis
narrowing
26
-tome
instrument to cut
27
-trophy
development
28
Acetabulum
rounded depression in the pelvis that joins the femur
29
Acromion
outward extension of shoulder blade; articulates w/ clavicle
30
Diaphysis
shaft of long bone
31
Epiphysis
end of long bone
32
Olecranon
large process proximal ulna
33
Osteoblast
bone building cell
34
Osteoclast
bone cell that reabsorbs bone
35
Malignant bone tumor, most commonly in long bones. More common in males, peak age 10-20.
Ewing sarcoma
36
Bony growth arising from the surface of the bone, most common type is a bunion.
Exostosis
37
Swelling of the metatarsophalangeal joint near the base of the great toe, usually from wearing improper shoes (narrow toe box). Enlarged bursa often develops over the site. Aka hallux valgus
Bunion (treated w/ bunionectomy)
38
Break in a bone or bones
Fracture
39
Fracture w/ no open wound
Closed fracture
40
Fracture w/ open wound
Open fracture
41
Distal radial fracture
Colles fracture
42
Bone is in multiple pieces
Comminuted fracture
43
Bone collapses
Compression fracture
44
Bone is partially broken
Greenstick fracture
45
One fragment of bone is driven into another
Impacted fracture
46
Twisting fracture most commonly of the tibia
Spiral fracture
47
Malignant tumor arising from osteoblasts, highly malignant. 1/2 in the knee region. Symptoms are pain w/ weight bearing, at rest, and at night, fracture w/ minor trauma, lesion, and a mass. Commonly metastasis to the lungs. Bimodal distribution (adolescents & >65yo).
Osteogenic sarcoma (osteosarcoma)
48
Excess organic bone matrix secondary to defective or inadequate bone mineralization. Usually a disease of the older population (50-80). Increased alkaline phosphatase & low serum calcium. Symptoms include bone pain, tenderness, muscle weakness. Caused by vitamin D deficiency, decreased sunlight exposure & poor nutrition, also drug induced by dilantin.
Osteomalacia (Rickets when it occurs in children)
49
Acute or chronic infection of the bone & its structures caused most commonly by bacteria & rarely by other organisms. May be acquired by hematogenous, contiguous, or direct inoculation such as trauma or surgery. Commonly seen in older adults but hematogenous is bimodal. More common in males. Signs/symptoms - abrupt onset of high fever, irritability, malaise, restriction of movement in the involved extremity, signs of local inflammation, joint destruction.
Osteomyelitis
50
Multifactorial skeletal disease characterized by severe bone loss & disruption of skeletal micro-architecture sufficient to predispose to atraumatic fractures (common in vertebral column, upper femur, distal radius, proximal humerus, pubic rami & ribs). Signs/symptoms - backpain, kyphosis, scoliosis, loss of height, atraumatic fractures. Risk factors - dietary, immobilization, cigarettes, caffeine, malabsorption, steroids, excess thyroid, postmenopausal loss in caucasian & asian women very common.
Osteoporosis
51
Congenital abnormality of the hind food, patient cannot stand with the sole of the foot flat on the ground. Short tendons are lengthened & long tendons are shortened
Talipes (club foot)
52
Chronic, usually progressive condition in which inflammatory changes & new bone formation occurs at the attachment of tendons and ligaments to bone. Sacroiliac joint involvement is the hallmark, "bamboo spine". More common in caucasian men w/ symptoms beginning in early 20s. Signs/symptoms - subgluteal or low back pain/stiffness (duration >3 months, worse in morning or at rest, wake up to walk off stiffness), pleuritic chest pain, loss of lumbar lordosis.
Ankylosing spondylitis
53
Inflammatory reaction to urate crystal in joints, bones, and subcutaneous structures. Initially a hyperacute arthritis which may progress to a chronic arthritis. Predominate age 30-60, more common in males. Signs/symptoms - severe pain, swelling, redness & warmth in one or two joints (75% monoarticular), exquisite tenderness, propensity for first MTP joint (Podagra). Recurrent attacks last longer & occur more frequently w/ each recurrence.
Gout
54
Most common form of joint disease involving progressive loss of articular cartilage and reactive changes at joint margins & in subchondral bone. Prominent age is >40, leading cause of disability in those >65. Male = female. Signs/symptoms - slowly developing joint pain which follows the use of the joint, morning stiffness of s), decreased ROM, tenderness usually absent, crepitus (cracking, grinding sounds) in late stages
Osteoarthritis (OA)
55
Chronic systemic inflammatory disease of unknown etiology w/ a predilection for joint involvement. May be extra-articular (rheumatoid nodules, ateritis, neuropathy, scleritis, pericarditis & splenomegaly). Women 2x more than men, 30-60 yo onset. Signs/symptoms - joints most often involved are wrists, knees, elbows, shoulders, ankles, MTP's, subtalar joints; causes swelling, joint hear, joint deformity, morning stiffness, pain on PROM, early joint destruction.
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA)
56
Most common cause of peripheral nerve compression; median nerve is compressed.Tends to affect the dominant hand, 1/2 of pt's have bilateral symptoms though. 40:60 (females>males). Signs/symptoms - tingling sensations in the fingers, burning pain int he fingers esp at night, finger sensory loss (all mostly on palmar side medial to pinky). Often relieved by shaking the hand. Tinel's & phalen's signs are positive.
Carpal tunnel syndrome
57
Dislocation
Displacement of a bone from its joint, commonly acromioclavicular, shoulder, or rarely hip.
58
Reduction
Restoration of the bones to normal positions; closed reductions are manipulative and open reductions require surgical incision
59
Subluxation
Partial or incomplete dislocation
60
Ganglion
Fluid-filled cyst arising from the joint capsule or a tendon, most commonly in the wrist, Unknown etiology
61
Herniated disc/Herniated nucleus propulsus (HNP)
Abnormal protrusion of a fibrocartilaginous intervertebral disc into the neural canal or spinal canal. Posterolateral herniation is the most common form. Also known as a "slipped disk". May cause sciatica (pain radiating down the leg). Treated w/ PT, drugs, or surgery (microdiskectomy - removal of a portion of the protruding disk).
62
Multisystem infection caused by Borrelia burgdorferi transmitted by Ixodid ticks (deer ticks). Males = females. Risk factors - exposure to tick infested area between May & September
Lyme disease
63
Stage 1 of Lyme
erythema migrans rash (bulls-eye) <--KNOW THAT NAME!!, flu-like symptoms
64
Stage 2 of Lyme
one or more organ symptoms; neuro (15%), cardiac (8%)
65
Stage 3 of Lyme
chronic arthritis, neurologic syndromes
66
An injury to the ligaments around a joint without rupture. Ligaments are strong flexible fibers that hold bones together, when they're stretched too far or they tear the joint will become painful & swell.
Sprain
67
Multisystem autoimmune inflammatory condition characterized by a fluctuating chronic course. Female>male 10:1, 30-50yo onset. Signs/symptoms - arthritis, fever, anorexia, malaise, weight loss, skin lesions, oral ulcers, eye pain/redness, chest pain and/or SOB, pallor, malar rash, photosensitivity. Black/hispanic/asian/native americans > caucasians.
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)
68
Inherited progressive diseases of muscle w/ wide ranges of clinical expression. Fat replaces functional muscle cells. Motor dysfunction, muscle weakness, muscular atrophy all occur. Multiple types.
Muscular dystrophy
69
Most common form of muscular dystrophy
Duchenne muscular dystrophy
70
Systemic connective tissue disease characterized by inflammatory and degenerative changes in proximal muscles. Signs/symptoms - symmetrical proximal muscle weakness causing difficulty arising from sitting/lying positions, difficulty kneeling, climbing/descending stairs, raising arms etc. Joint pain, swelling, dysphagia, respiratory impairment, sometimes characteristic rash.
Polymyositis
71
Skin rash characteristic of polymositis
Dermatomyositis
72
Antinuclear antibody test (ANA)
Most common performed screening test for autoantibodies in patients suspected of having systemic rheumatic disease. Positive test does not confirm disease
73
Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR/Sed Rate)
Rate at which erythrocytes settle out of anticoagulated blood in one hour. Inflammatory and necrotic processes cause an alteration in the blood proteins. Erythrocytes “clump” together in a columnlike manner (Rouleaux formation). Not really specific to any disease, just shows something is wrong. Helpful in diagnosing temporal arteritis and polymyalgia rheumatica
74
Epiphyseal line/plate
an area of cartilage tissue that is constantly being replaced by new bone tissue as the bone grows. aka growth plate
75
Periosteum
strong, fibrous, vascular membrane covering the surfaces of bones except at the epiphyses; also has extensive nerve supply
76
Metaphysis
flared portion of the bone lying between the epiphysis and the diaphysis
77
Articular cartilage
Smooth, slick, strong covering of the ends of long bones and the surface of any bone that meets up with another bone to form a joint.
78
Compact/cortical bone
layer of dense, hard, bone that lies under the periosteum in all bones
79
Haversian canals
minute spaces filled w/ blood vessels found in compact bone
80
Medullary cavity
central hollowed out shaft of long bones containing yellow marrow (which is chiefly composed of fat cells)
81
Cancellous bone
Aka spongy or trabecular bone, much more porous & less dense than compact bone
82
Bone depression
Opening or hollow region serving as a connection for bones or passageways for blood vessels and nerves. Examples are fissure, foramen, fossa & sinus
83
Bone process
Enlarged area that extends from bones as an attachment for muscles, tendons, and ligaments. Examples are bone head, condyle, epicondyle, trochanter, tubercle & tuberosity.
84
Calcium
One of the mineral constituents of bone. Calcium phosphate is the major calcium salt in bones.
85
Cartilage
Flexible, rubbery connective tissue. Found in the immature skeleton at the epiphyseal growth plate and on joint surfaces.
86
Collagen
Dense, connective tissue protein strands found in bone and other tissues
87
Cranial bones
Skull bones; ethmoid, frontal, occipital, parietal, sphenoid & temporal
88
Disk/disc
Flat, round, plate-like structure. An intervertebral disk is a fibrocartilaginous substance between two vertebrae.
89
Facial bones
Bones of the face; lacrimal, mandibular, maxillary, nasal, vomer, zygomatic
90
Fontanelle
Soft spot (incomplete bone formation) between the skull bones of an infant
91
Foramen magnum
Opening of the occipital bone through which the spinal cord passes
92
Ligament
Fibrous tissue connecting bones to other bones; supports, strengthens & stabilizes the joint
93
Malleolus
Round process on both sides of the ankle joint; the lateral malleolus is part of the fibula and the medial malleolus is part of the tibia
94
Manubrium
Upper portion of the sternum, articulates w/ the medial aspect of the clavicle
95
Mastoid process
Round projection on the temporal bone behind the ear
96
Orthopedist
MD who specializes in bone, joint, and muscle conditions
97
Osseous tissue
bone tissue
98
Ossification
process of bone formation
99
Phosphorus
Mineral substance found in bones in combination w/ calcium
100
Physiatrist
MD specializing in rehab
101
Physic/o
function
102
Pubic symphysis
Area of confluence of the two pubic bones in the pelvis joined by a fibrocartillaginous disk
103
Sym-
together
104
Red bone marrow
found in cancellous bone; site of hematopoiesis
105
Ribs
12 pairs of curved bones that form the chest wall; true ribs are the first 7, false are 8-10, floating are 11&12
106
Sella turcica
Depression in the sphenoid bone where the pituitary gland is located
107
Sinus
hollow, air filled cavity within a bone
108
Styloid process
Pole-like process extending downward from the temporal bone on either side of the skull
109
Suture
Immovable joint between bones, such as the skull
110
Temporomandibular joint
Connection on either side of the head between the temporal bone of the skull and the mandibular bone of the jaw
111
Tendon
Fibrous connective tissue connecting muscles and bones
112
Trabeculae
supporting bundles of bony fibers in cancellous (spongy) bone
113
Vertebra
Individual segment of the spine composed of the vertebral body, vertebral arch, spinous process, transverse process & lamina enclosing the neural canal
114
Xiphoid process
Lower, narrow portion of the sternum
115
Calc/o
| Calci/o
calcium
116
Acetabul/o
acetabulum (hip socket)
117
Calcane/o
calcaneus
118
Carp/o
carpals (wrist bones)
119
Clavicul/o
clavicle (collar bone)
120
Cost/o
ribs (true, false, floating)
121
Crani/o
cranium
122
Femor/o
femur
123
Fibul/o
fibula
124
Humer/o
humerus
125
Ili/o
ilium
126
Ischi/o
ischium
127
Malleol/o
malleolus
128
Mandibul/o
Mandible
129
Maxill/o
maxilla
130
Metacarp/o
metacarpals
131
Metatars/o
metatarsals
132
Olecran/o
olecranon
133
Patell/o
patella
134
Pelv/i
pelvis
135
Perone/o
fibula
136
Phalang/o
phalanges
137
Pub/o
pubis
138
Radi/o
radius
139
Scapul/o
scapula
140
Stern/o
sternum
141
Tars/o
tarsals
142
Tibi/o
tibia
143
Uln/o
ulna
144
Benight exostoses composed of cartilage and bone, usually found on the metaphyses of long bones near the epiphyseal plates
Osteochondroma
145
ORIF
Open reduction, internal fixation. Insertion of metal plates, screws, rods, or pins to stabilize the bone.
146
Loss of bone mass due to osteoporosis producing posterior curvature of the spine in the thoracic region. Changes in spine can cause a loss of as much as 6-9" in height.
Kyhposis
147
Articulation
any type of joint
148
Bursa
sac of fluid near a joint; promotes smooth sliding of one tissue against another
149
Meniscus
Crescent-shaped fibrocartilaginous structure found in the knee
150
Synovial cavity
Space between bones at a synovial joint; contains synovial fluid produced by the synovial membrane
151
Synovial fluid
Viscous fluid within the synovial cavity, similar in viscosity to egg white which accounts for the term
152
Synovial joint
freely movable joint
153
Synovial membrane
tissue lining the synovial cavity; it produces synovial fluid
154
Arthr/o
joint
155
Articul/o
joint
156
Burs/o
bursa
157
Ligament/o
ligament
158
Ten/o
tendon
159
Tendin/o
tendon
160
Injury involving overstretching of the muscle
Strain
161
Abduction
movement away from the midline of the body
162
Adduction
movement towards the midline of the body
163
Dorsiflexion
backward (upward) bending of the foot
164
Extension
straightening of a flexed limb
165
Fascia
fibrous membrane separating and enveloping muscles
166
Flexion
bending a limb; decreasing the angle between bones
167
Insertion of a muscle
Connection of the muscle to a bone that moves
168
Origin of a muscle
Connection of the muscle to a stationary bone
169
Plantar flexion
Bending the sole of the foot downward towards the ground
170
Pronation
turning the palm downward
171
Rotation
circular movement around a central point. Internal rotation is towards the center of the body, external rotation is away from the center of the body
172
Striated muscle
Muscle connected to bones; voluntary or skeletal muscle
173
Supination
Turning the palm upward
174
Visceral muscle
Muscle connected to internal organs; involuntary or smooth muscle
175
Fasci/o
fascia
176
Fibr/o
fibrous connective tissue
177
My/o
muscle
178
Myocardi/o
heart muscle
179
Myos/o
muscle
180
Plant/o
sole of the foot
181
Rhabdomy/o
skeletal (striated) muscle connected to bones
182
Sarc/o
muscle and flesh
183
Ab-
away from
184
Ad-
toward
185
Dorsi-
back
186
Poly-
many, much
187
Rheumatoid factor (RF)
The blood of many persons with RA contains a macroglobulin-type antibody called rheumatoid factor (RF), although RF can be found in people w/ other diseases. Test measures antibodies directed against the Fc fragment of IgG
188
Serum calcium (Ca)
Measures the concentration of total and ionized calcium in the blood to reflect parathyroid function, calcium metabolism, and malignancy activity. Calcium is bound to albumin so if albumin is low, serum calcium can be falsely low as well
189
Serum creatine kinase (CK)
Enzyme found in higher concentrations in the heart and skeletal muscles and in much smaller concentrations in brain tissue. This test is used as a specific index of injury to myocardium and muscle. CK can be divided into three isoenzymes: BB/CK1, MB/CK2, MM/CK3.
190
Uric acid test
Uric acid is formed from the breakdown of nucleonic acids and is an end product of purine metabolism; transported by the plasma from the liver to the kidney, where it is filtered and about 70% is excreted. The remainder is excreted into the GI tract and degraded. Overproduction of uric acids occurs when there is excessive cell breakdown and catabolism of nucleonic acids (gout), excessive production and destruction of cells (leukemia), or an inability to excrete the substance produced (renal failure)
191
Athrocentesis
Procedure in which a needle is inserted into a joint in order to remove fluid. Purpose is usually twofold: removal of excess fluid will usually decrease symptoms of pain and improve joint mobility and the fluid removed can be used to diagnostic of a certain problem
192
Arthrography
Radiographic examination of a joint after the injection of a dye-like contrast material and/or air to outline the soft tissue and joint structures on the images.
193
Arthroplasty
Operation for construction of a new movable joint (shoulder, elbow, hip, knee, MTP joints in the foot and certain joints in the hand). Three methods are in general use: excision arthroplasty, half-joint replacement arthroplasty, and total replacement arthroplasty.
194
Arthroscopy
visual examination of the interior of joints with special surgical instruments
195
Bone density
Dual-energy absorptiometry (DEXA or DXA) is the most common and preferred method of measuring bone mineral density because of its precision and low radiation exposure. It can assess fracture risk with ease and patient comfort. Test scores are reported with a T-score and a Z-score. T-score is the number of standard deviations for the patient compared with normal young adults with mean peak bone mass; fracture risk increases 1.5 to 2.5 time for every SD. The Z-score is defined as the number of SDs for the patient compared with normal persons in the same age category
196
Bone scan
Nuclear scanning test that identifies new areas of bone growth or breakdown; can be done to evaluate damage to the bones, detect cancer that has spread to the bones, and monitor conditions that can affect the bones (including infection and trauma). A bone scan can often detect a problem days to months earlier than a regular X-ray test.
197
Electromyography (EMG)
Test that assesses the health of the muscles and the nerves controlling the muscles; a needle electrode is inserted through the skin into the muscle & electrical activity detected is displayed on an oscilloscope, and may be heard through a speaker. After placement of the electrodes, the patient will be asked to contract the muscle (for example, by bending your arm). The presence, size, and shape of the wave form -- the action potential -- produced on the oscilloscope provide information about the ability of the muscle to respond when the nerves are stimulated.
198
Muscle biopsy
plays an integral role in evaluation of the patient with neuromuscular disease (essential element in the assessment of a patient with suspected myopathy)
199
Diskography
X-ray examination of cervical or lumbar intervertebral disk after injection of contrast into nucleus pulposus (interior of the disk)
