deck_2120929 Flashcards
(140 cards)
1
Q
Pathway of air from nose to lungs
A
Nose (nares) –> Nasal cavities and paranasal sinuses –> Pharynx (adenoids & tonsils) –> Larynx (epiglottis) –> Trachea –> Bronchi –> Bronchioles –> Alveoli –> Lung capillaries (bloodstream)
2
Q
Adenoids
A
lymphatic tissue in the nasopharynx; pharyngeal tonsils
3
Q
Alveolus (pl. alveoli)
A
air sac in the lung
4
Q
Apex of the lung
A
tip or uppermost portion of the lung; apical
5
Q
Base of the lung
A
lower portion of the lung; basilar
6
Q
Bronchioles
A
smallest branches of the bronchi, terminal bronchioles lead to alveolar ducts
7
Q
Bronchus (pl. bronchi)
A
Branch of the trachea (windpipe) that is a passageway into the lung; bronchial tube
8
Q
Carbon dioxide (CO2)
A
Gas produced by body cells when oxygen and carbon atoms from food combine; exhaled through lungs
9
Q
Cilia
A
Thin hairs attached to the mucous membrane epithelium lining the respiratory tract. They clear bacteria and foreign substances from the lung.
10
Q
Diaphragm
A
Muscle separating the chest and abdomen; it contracts to pull air into the lungs and relaxes to push air out
11
Q
Epiglottis
A
Lid-like piece of cartilage that covers the larynx preventing food from entering the larynx and trachea during swallowing
12
Q
Expiration
A
Breathing out (exhalation)
13
Q
Glottis
A
Slit-like opening to the larynx
14
Q
Hilum of the lung
A
Midline region where the bronchi, blood vessels, and nerves enter and exit the lungs; hilar
15
Q
Inspiration
A
Breathing in (inhalation)
16
Q
Larynx
A
Voice box; containing the vocal cords
17
Q
Lobe
A
Division of a lung
18
Q
Mediastinum
A
Region between the lungs in the chest cavity. It contains the trachea, heart, lymph nodes, aorta, esophagus, and bronchial tubes.
19
Q
Nares
A
Openings through the nose carrying air into the nasal cavities
20
Q
Oxygen (O2)
A
Gas that makes up 21 percent of air. It passes into the bloodstream at the lungs and travels to all body cells.
21
Q
Palatine tonsil
A
One of a pair of almond-shaped masses of lymphatic tissue in the oropharynx (palatine means pertaining to the roof of the mouth)
22
Q
Paranasal sinus
A
One of the air cavities in the bones near the nose
23
Q
Parietal pleura
A
Outer layer of pleura lying closer to the ribs and chest wall
24
Q
Pharynx
A
Throat; including the nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx
25
Pleura
Double-layered membrane surrounding each lung
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Pleural cavity
Space between the folds of the pleura
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Pulmonary parenchyma
Essential parts of the lung, responsible for respiration; bronchioles and alveoli
28
Respiration
Process of moving air into and out of the lungs; breathing
29
Trachea
Windpipe
30
Visceral pleura
Inner layer of pleura lying closer to the lung tissue
31
Adenoid/o
adenoids
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Alveol/o
alveolus, air sac
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Bronch/oBronchi/o
bronchial tube, bronchus
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Bronchiol/o
bronchiole, small bronchus
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Capn/o
carbon dioxide
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Coni/o
dust
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Cyan/o
blue
38
Epiglott/o
epiglottis
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Laryng/o
larynx, voice box
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Lob/o
lobe of the lung
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Mediastin/o
mediastinum
42
Nas/o
nose
43
Orth/o
straight, upright
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Ox/o
oxygen
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Pector/o
chest
46
Pharyng/o
pharynx, throat
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Phon/o
voice
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Phren/o
diaphragm
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Pleur/o
pleura
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Pneum/oPneumon/o
air, lung
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Pulmon/o
lung
52
Rhin/o
nose
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Sinus/o
sinus, cavity
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Spir/o
breathing
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Tel/o
complete
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Thorac/o
chest
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Tonsill/o
tonsils
58
Trache/o
trachea, windpipe
59
-ema
condition
60
-osmia
smell
61
-pnea
breathing
62
-ptysis
spitting
63
-sphyxia
pulse
64
-thorax
pleural cavity, chest
65
Auscultation
listening to sounds within the body
66
Percussion
tapping on a surface to determine the difference in the density of the underlying structure
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Pleural rub (friction rub)
scratchy sound produced by pleural surfaces rubbing against each other
68
Rales (crackles)
Fine crackling sounds heard on auscultation during inhalation when there is fluid in the alveoli
69
Ronchi (singular: rhonchus)
Loud rumbling sounds heard on auscultation of bronchi obstructed by sputum
70
Sputum
Material expelled from the bronchi, lungs, or upper respiratory tract by spitting.
71
Purulent
Containing pus
72
Stridor
Strained, high-pitched sound heard on inspiration caused by obstruction in the pharynx or larynx
73
Wheezes
Continuous high-pitched whistling sounds produced during breathing
74
subacute viral infection of infants and children (age 1-3) with obstruction of the larynx, accompanied by barking cough and stridor. Usually lasts 5-6 days, symptoms worse at night. Commonly caused by PARAINFLUENZA VIRUS!! or respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)
Croup
75
Acute infection of the throat and upper respiratory tract caused by corynebacterium. Inflammation occurs w/ a leathery, opaque, adherent membrane forming in the pharynx and trachea, bleeds when removed. Sore throat, adenopathy, fever, malaise. Treated with erythromycin or penicillin. Rare in the US.
Diphtheria
76
Nosebleed. Most common cause is trauma, bleeding usually responds with pressure (sometimes needs to be packed & cauterized)
Epistaxis
77
Whooping cough; highly contagious bacterial infection of the pharynx, larynx, and trachea caused by Bordetella. Characterized by paroxysmal (violent, sudden) spasms of coughing ending in whooping inspiration. Transmission by direct contact, incubation period can be 3+ weeks.
Pertussis
78
Reversible airway disease caused by hyperresponsiveness of alveoli to a variety of stimuli. Inflammation of the airway mucosa, increased mucus production & edema obstruct airway. Associated w/ aspirin sensitivity & nasal polyps. Many causes; allergen mediated, occupational, cardiac, drug-induced, exercise-induced, cold-induced, GERD. Oftentimes eosinophils are involved. Signs/symptoms - diffuse wheezing, dry/chronic cough, tight feeling in chest, dyspnea, prolonged expiratory phase.
Asthma
79
Chronic, irreversible, abnormal dilation of the bronchi, usually accompanied by infection & productive cough w/ large amounts of malodorous sputum. Signs/symptoms - cough, sputum, hemoptysis, wheezing, coarse or moist rales, cyanosis, clubbing, barrel chest.
Bronchiectasis
80
Inflammation of bronchi persisting over a long time (excessive productive cough for 3 months over at least 2 consecutive years in the absence of any other diseases that produce similar symptoms); type of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Signs/symptoms - persistent productive cough, copious sputum, intermittent breathing difficulty, wheezes, pt's usually overweight (blue bloaters). Usually occurring in pt's over 35, smokers.
Chronic bronchitis
81
Autosomal recessive disorder of exocrine glands resulting in thick mucinous secretions in the respiratory tract that do not drain normally. Most common lethal genetic disease, most males are infertile. Chronic pulmonary disease, pancreatic insufficiency, abnormally high levels of electrolytes in the sweat & less frequently biliary cirrhosis & diabetes mellitus.
Cystic fibrosis (CF)
82
Collapsed lung; incomplete expansion of alveoli. Small ones often asymptomatic but large ones cause tachypnea, cough, hypoxia, dull to percussion, decreased chest expansion. Commonly occurs after surgery (post-op fevers). Use incentive spirometry.
Atelectasis
83
Hyperinflation of air sacs with destruction of alveolar walls; type of COPD. Signs/symptoms - >50yo, thin/wasted appearance (pink puffers), mild cough usually in the morning, progressive dyspnea, barrel chest, hypertrophic accessory muscles of respiration, hyper-resonant to percussion, prolonged expiratory phase. Often caused by cigarette smoking but also genetic predisposition, environmental pollution, occupational exposure, allergy, infections.
Emphysema
84
Malignant tumor arising from the lungs and bronchi. Leading cause of cancer death in both men & women in the US (increasing in women, decreasing in men). Smoking/2nd hand smoke, asbestos, arsenic, nickel & radon gas exposure.
Lung cancer
85
Occupational pulmonary fibrotic disease resulting from the inhalation of an offending agent; produces fibrotic lung changes after the inhalation of dusts. Characterized by well-defined pulmonary nodular fibrosis & in more advanced stages diffuse fibrosis of the lung & severe pulmonary impairment.
Pneumoconiosis
86
Black lung disease, coal dust exposure
Anthracosis
87
Asbestos particles in the lungs
Asbestosis
88
Silica or glass particles in the lungs
Silicosis
89
Acute inflammation and infection of alveoli (lung parenchyma), which fill up with pus or products of the inflammatory reaction. Organisms invade the lower respiratory tract via inhalation/aspiration or hematogenous spread. May be viral (more common in children) or bacterial (streptococcus is most common). Cigarette smoking/chronic bronchitis predispose pt's to infection. Signs/symptoms - fever, productive cough, purulent sputum, dyspnea, shaking chills, wheezing, rales.
Pneumonia
90
Lung infection from aspirated material, usually single lung either in superior segment of a lower lobe or the posterior segment of an upper lobe. May produce a cavity filled w/ fluid/air. Associated w/ periodontal disease, foreign body obstruction & immunocompromised state. Risk factors include CNS diseases, seizures, anesthesia & LOC due to drug/alcohol abuse. Signs/symptoms - acute onset fever, malaise, anorexia, weight loss, productive cough, foul-smelling sputum, decreased breath sounds, dullness over affected area of lung.
Pulmonary abcess
91
Swelling & fluid in the air sacs and bronchioles. Often seen w/ CHF. Signs/symptoms - SOB, DOE, PND (paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea), orthopnea, cough, pink frothy sputum, moist rales, tachycardia, air hunger, noisy respiration.
Pulmonary edema
92
Obstruction in pulmonary vasculature, often originating in deep venous system of legs (usually blood clot but could be air, fat, foreign bodies, amniotic fluid, or tumor cell embolisms). Risk factors - immobility, estrogen use, femoral venous catheter, obesity, polycythemia vera, lupus, malignancy, heart failure, a-fib. Signs/symptoms - anxiety, apprehension, diaphoresis, chest pain, cough, dyspnea, tachypnea, tachycardia, hemoptysis, leg pain/swelling, low grade fever, cyanosis & syncope in severe cases.
Pulmonary embolism (PE)
93
Formation of scar tissue in the lung that gradually replaces the normal air sacs of the lungs. Scar tissue is thicker than normal tissue resulting in an irreversible loss of oxygen exchange abilities. Results from injury to lungs; pneumonia, tuberculosis, pneumoconiosis, inhaled pollutants, certain medications & systemic diseases.
Pulmonary fibrosis
94
Non-infectious multisystem (liver, lungs, spleen, lymph nodes, heart, CNS) disease of unknown causes in which small nodules (granulomas) develop. More common in african americans & females. Treated w/ steroids. Presents w/ bilateral hilar adenopathy, pulmonary infiltrates, ocular & skin lesions.
Sarcoidosis
95
Infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium, lungs usually are involved but any organ in the body may be affected. Screen w/ PPD skin test, also should evaluate pt for HIV. Signs/symptoms - cough, sputum production, hemoptysis, fever, night sweats, weight loss, malaise, adenopathy, pleuritic chest pain.
Tuberculosis (TB)
96
Rare, malignant tumor arising in the pleura. Associated w/ asbestos exposure (15-40 years afterwards). Associated w/ pleural effusions.
Mesothelioma
97
Abnormal accumulation of fluid in the pleural space secondary to underlying disease. Signs/symptoms - pleuritic chest pain, dyspnea, decreased breath sounds & tactile fremitus, dullness to percussion, tracheal deviation toward unaffected side in severe cases.
Pleural effusion
98
Pleural effusion from cancer, pneumonia, PE's
Exudative
99
Pleural effusion from CHF, cirrhosis, kidney dialysis, nephrotic syndrome, myxedema
Transudative
100
Inflammation of the pleura caused by viral infection, pneumonia, emphysema, TB, uremia, cancer, or collagen vascular disease. Signs/symptoms - sharp, localized, fleeting chest pain (may feel it in shoulders too) made worse by coughing, sneezing or deep breathing. Rapid or shallow breathing, respiratory excursion diminished on affected side, decreased breath sounds, pleural friction rub.
Pleurisy (pleuritis)
101
Collection of air in the pleural space caused by a break in the lung surface. Signs/symptoms (depend on size) - sudden, sharp chest pain on affected side, dyspnea. Treated w/ oxygen supplementation, needle aspiration, tube thoracostomy, & pleurodesis (surgical joining of pleural layers).
Pneumothorax
102
Failure of the right side of the heart to pump a sufficient amount of blood to the lungs because of underlying lung disease
Cor pulmonale
103
Collection of fluid in the pleural cavity
Hydrothorax
104
Collection of fluid or other material within the lung as seen on a chest film, CT scan, or other radiologic image
Infiltrate
105
Chest x-ray (CXR, chest film)
Radiographic image of the thoracic cavity (chest, lungs, heart, large arteries, ribs & diaphragm.
106
Computed tomography (CT) scan of the chest
Computer generated series of x-ray images show thoracic structures in cross section and other planes. Esp useful because it can simultaneously show many different types of tissues. Modern CT scans utilize spiral or helical CT process, captures pictures at many angles allowing for "slice" views.
107
Pulmonary angiography
X-ray pictures of pulmonary blood vessels w/ injected contrast material used to detect PE's
108
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the chest
Very detailed pictures of structures of the chest from any angle. Good for cancer detection & staging. May reveal diseased heart valves. Good, non-invasive way of showing flow in lymph nodes & blood vessels.
109
Positron emission tomography (PET) scan of the lung
Radioactive glucose is injected and images reveal metabolic activity in the lungs. Helpful for identification of malignancies which have a higher metabolic activity.
110
Ventilation-perfusion (V/Q) scan
Detection device records radioactivity in the lung after injection of a radioisotope or inhalation of small amount of radioactive gas (xenon). Measures both airflow & blood-flow looking for PE's.
111
Bronchoscopy
Fiberoptic endoscope examination of the lower airways including larynx, trachea, bronchi & bronchioles. Also used to collect specimens for culture.
112
Bronchoalveolar lavage
Bronchial washing; fluid is injected and withdrawn
113
Bronchial brushing
A brush is inserted through a bronchoscope and is used to scrape off tissue
114
Endobronchial ultrasound (EBUS)
Performed during bronchoscopy to diagnose and stage lung cancer, can be used to guide a forceps biopsy
115
Endotracheal intubation
Placement of a tube through the mouth into the pharynx, larynx, and trachea to establish an airway or administer oxygen, gaseous medication or anesthetics. May also be done to remove blockages, view the interior walls, or place pt on a mechanical ventilator
116
Laryngoscopy
Visual examination of the voice box
117
Lung biopsy
Removal of lung tissue followed by microscopic examination
118
Mediastinoscopy
Endoscopic visual examination of the mediastinum using a mediastinoscope. Used to visualize, examine & biopsy lymph nodes (particularly in lung cancer diagnosis/staging).
119
Pulmonary function tests (PFTs)
Tests that measure the ventilation mechanics of the lungs; airway function, lung volume, and the capacity of the lungs to exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide efficiently.
120
Thoracentesis
Surgical puncture to remove fluid from the pleural space. May be diagnostic to determine the etiology of a pleural effusion or therapeutic to relieve respiratory insufficiency due to a large pleural effusion.
121
Thoracotomy
Large surgical incision of the chest usually done as a last resort in pt's w/ pulmonary problems of unknown etiology in order to diagnose focal or diffuse issues.
122
Thoracoscopy (thorascopy)
Visual examination of the chest via small incisions and use of an endoscope. VATS = video=assisted thorascopy
123
Tracheostomy
Surgical creation of a temporary or permanent opening into the trachea through the neck; tracheotomy is the incision necessary to create a tracheostomy. The hole is called a stoma.
124
Tuberculin test
Determines past or present tuberculosis infection based on positive skin reaction. Small amount of TB protein (called PPD, purified protein derivative) put under top layer of skin, if pt has been exposed they develop firm red bump within 2 days. Called mantoux skin test, cannot tell if infection is active or latent.
125
Tube thoracostomy
A flexible, plastic chest tube is passed into the pleural space through the ribs to continuously remove air (pneumothorax), fluid (pleural effusion), or pus (empyema)
126
The removal of a small, localized area of diseased tissue near the surface of the lung; pulmonary structure and function are relatively unchanged after healing
Wedge resection
127
The removal of a bronchiole and its alveoli (one or more lung segments). The remaining lung tissue expands to fill the previously occupied space.
Segmental resection
128
The removal of an entire lobe of the lung. Afterwards, the remaining lung increases in size to fill the space in the thoracic cavity.
Lobectomy
129
The removal of an entire lung, techniques such as removal of ribs and elevation of the diaphragm are used to reduce the size of the empty thoracic space.
Pneumonectomy
130
Nasal CPAP
Continuous positive airway pressure mask; the pressure applied by air coming from the compressor opens the oropharynx and nasopharynx
131
Spirometer
Measures the volume and rate of air passing into and out of the lung
132
Airways are narrowed resulting in resistance to air flow during breathing. Examples include asthma, COPD, bronchiectasis, CF, and bronchiolitis
Obstructive lung disease
133
Expansion of the lung is limited by disease that affects the chest wall, pleura, or lung tissue itself. Decreased total lung capacity (TLC). Examples include pulmonary fibrosis, radiation damage to the lung, pneumoconiosis, myasthenia gravis, muscular dystrophy, and diaphragmatic weakness/paralysis.
Restrictive lung disease
134
Acute, progressive inflammation of the bronchiole walls, usually seen in children
Bronchiolitis
135
Central location malignancy that is sensitive to chemotherapy. Surgery is not indicated. Poor prognosis (2-4 months from diagnosis to death).
Small cell lung cancer
136
90% of lung cancers including squamous, large cell & adenocarcinoma. Poor response to chemotherapy but surgery if early stage. Prognosis varies w/ stage.
Non-small cell lung cancer
137
Pneumothorax that occurs most commonly in tall, thin, young males w/ no underlying lung disease.
Primary spontaneous pneumothorax
138
Pneumothorax that occurs w/ diminished breath sounds, decreased tactile fremitus & hyporesonance.
Large pneumothorax
139
Pneumothorax resulting from major trauma presenting w/ tachycardia, hypotension, mediastinal or tracheal deviation.
Tension pneumothorax
140
Magnetic resonance angiography
Special MRI used to demonstrate narrowing of coronary arteries or actual blockage by fatty deposits. May also show aneurysms or a torn inner lining of an artery (dissection).
