Cardiovascular System Flashcards
(196 cards)
1
Q
Ather/o
A
yellowish plaque; fatty substance
2
Q
Atri/o
A
atrium
3
Q
Brachi/o
A
arm
4
Q
Cardi/o
A
heart
5
Q
Coron/o
A
heart
6
Q
Cyan/o
A
blue
7
Q
Phleb/o
A
vein
8
Q
Ven/o
A
vein
9
Q
Ven/i
A
vein
10
Q
Sphygm/o
A
pulse
11
Q
Steth/o
A
chest
12
Q
Thromb/o
A
clot
13
Q
Vas/o
A
vessel
14
Q
Vascul/o
A
vessel
15
Q
Diastole
A
relaxation phase of the heart beat
16
Q
Murmur
A
abnormal heart sound
17
Q
Normal Sinus Rhythm (NSR)
A
heart beat originating in the SA node in patients at rest of 60-100 bpm
18
Q
Sphygmomanometer
A
instrument to measure blood pressure
19
Q
Systole
A
contraction phase of heart beat
20
Q
First Heart Sound (S1)
A
-closure of AV valves -beginning of systole -mitral (M1) slightly precedes tricuspid (T1) component -commonly fused as 1 sound -loudest at apex -coincides w/ carotid pulse
21
Q
Second Heart Sound (S2)
A
-closure of semilunar valves -end of systole -aortic (A2) precedes pulmonic (P2) -loudest at base, best heard in aortic and pulmonic areas -may become 2 components during inspiration, single sound as breath exhaled -S2 splitting greatest at peak of inspiration (varies from easy to hear to nondetectable)
22
Q
Arrhythmias
A
abnormal heart rhythms (dysrhythmia) ex - heart block, flutter, fibrillation
23
Q
Heart block
A
failure of proper conduction of impulses through the AV node to the bundle of His
24
Q
Atrial flutter
A
rapid but regular contractions of atria, saw-tooth appearance
25
Atrial fibrillation
rapid, random, ineffectual and irregular contractions of the atria
26
Ventricular fibrillation
rapid, random, ineffectual and irregular contractions of the ventricles
27
Coarctation of Aorta
-severe narrowing of descending aorta usually at the junction of the ductus arteriosus and the aortic arch (ligamentum arteriosum) -associated w/ defects of aortic valve in 75-80% of cases -upper extremity hypertension (20mmHg higher than lower extremity) -absent or diminished femoral pulses -systolic murmur at left sternal border (LSB), radiates to back
28
Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA)
-failure of the ductus arteriosus to close after birth -75% of the time occurs as an isolated defect -Signs/symptoms; failure to grow, recurrent respiratory infections, easy fatigability, DOE (dyspnea on exertion), SOB (shortness of breath), angina, syncope, CONTINUOUS MACHINERY MURMUR, thrill at left upper sternal border, bounding pulses -premature infants at increased risk -75% close within 3 months
29
Angi/o
vessel
30
Aort/o
aorta
31
Arter/o Arteri/o
artery
32
Cholesterol/o
cholesterol (a lipid substance)
33
Myx/o
mucus
34
Ox/o
oxygen
35
Pericardi/o
pericardium
36
Rrhythm/o
rhythm
37
Valvul/o Valv/o
valve
38
Ventricul/o
ventricle, lower heart chamber
39
Atrial septal defect
-defect or opening in the atrial septum allowing flow of blood between the two chambers (shunting is typically L to R) -childhood symptoms usually minimal (sometimes failure to thrive & frequent pulmonary infections -adult symptoms; easy fatigability, DOE, heart failure -surgical repair delayed until preschool age (2-4) -females \> males
40
Ventricular septal defect
-congenital or acquired defect of the interventricular septum that allows communication of blood between L and R ventricles; most common congenital heart defect (can occur after MI as well) -male = female -symptoms depend on the degree of shunting across the defect; respiratory distress, tachypnea, holosystolic murmur
41
Tetralogy of Fallot
-blood doesn't get oxygenated; thrill, S1 normal, loud A2, diminished P2 (murmur loud, crescendo-decrescendo). Cyanosis at birth Four components -Right ventricular outflow stenosis (pulmonic stenosis) -VSD -Right ventricular hypertrophy (RVH) -Overriding aorta (dextroposition of aorta)
42
Congestive heart failure (CHF)
-principle complication of heart disease, produced by an abnormality in cardiac pump function (heart can't transport blood sufficiently to meet metabolic needs) -most common inpatient diagnosis for pt's \>65 -DOE is cardinal sign of left heart failure -Also nocturia, deteriorating exercise capacity, fatigue, dyspnea, weakness, tachypnea w/ mild exertion, nocturnal productive cough, orthopnea, PND (paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea), wheezing (esp nocturnal)
43
Coronary artery disease (CAD)
-arteriosclerosis; deposition of fatty compounds on tunica interna resulting in thickening & loss of elasticity of arterial walls progressively blocking coronary arteries & their branches -chronic process, risk factors are HTN (hypertension), DM (diabetes mellitus), tobacco, obesity, male (males\>females), physical inactivity, increasing age, family history
44
Acute coronary syndromes (ACSs)
Conditions caused by myocardial ischemia, including... -Unstable angina; chest pain at rest or pain of increasing frequency, intensity, or duration (nitroglycerine) -Acute myocardial infarction; MONA (morphine, oxygen, nitrates, aspirin) & early revascularization
45
Endocarditis
-inflammation of the inner lining of the heart resulting from infection, primarily of the valvular endocardium and occasionally the mural endocardium -male\>female (slightly); fever, night sweats, anorexia, heart murmur, chest pain, SOB, cough -treat w/ IV antibiotics
46
Hypertensive heart disease
-high blood pressure affecting the heart -left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) from overworking & coronary artery disease (CAD) -conduction abnormalities & systolic and diastolic disfunction
47
Mitral valve prolapse
-improper closure of mitral valve; valve is competent in early systole but prolapses into atrium later in systole -late systolic murmur, midsystolic clicks -apex & left sternal border -easily missed in supine position (also listen in upright position)
48
Murmur
-extra heart sound heard between normal beats -blowing, swooshing sounds due to turbulent blood flow & collision currents -can happen if velocity of blood increases (flow murmur), if viscosity of blood decreases, or if there are structural defects in the valves or unusual opening in chambers -a thrill (vibration felt on palpation of chest) often accompanies murmurs
49
Pericarditis
-inflammation of the pericardium -symptoms include chest pain (retrosternal w/ radiation to back) which is typically sharp & sudden in onset, made worse with inspiration/movement and reduced by leaning forward & sitting up. also splinted breathing, fever, myalgia, and pericardial friction rub -can lead to cardiac tamponade
50
Rheumatic heart disease
-rheumatic fever is preceded by strep group A infection -causes inflammation & scarring of heart valves leading to pericarditis, myocarditis, valvular insufficiency (mitral stenosis), atrial fibrillation, and possibly CHF
51
Aneurysm (aortic)
-a permanent localized dilation of the abdominal aorta having at least 50% increase in diameter compared to expected diameter, mostly asymptomatic -may present w/ rupture, embolism, or thrombosis; pulsatile epigastric mass, vague abdominal pain (radiate to back or flank), vertebral body erosion -male\>female (4:1) -management/indications for surgery dictated by natural history of aneurysm, type, and size
52
Deep venous thrombosis (DVT)
-blood clot in a large vein, usually lower limb -common in pt's on prolonged bed rest, those w/ chronic debilitating disease, and malignancies -pain or tenderness in claf/thigh, usually unilateral although it may be asymptomatic with PE as primary presentation
53
Hypertension (HTN)
-high blood pressure (either systolic \>140, diastolic \>90 consistently) -many factors; amount of blood pumped by heart, size/condition of arteries, volume of water, salt content, condition of kidneys, nervous system, hormone levels -essential = no identifiable cause (may be genetic, environmental, or dietary) -secondary = HTN caused by another disorder (glomerulonephritis, pyelonephritis, adrenal disorder)
54
Peripheral artery disease (PAD)
-blockage of arteries carrying blood to legs, arms, kidneys and other organs (usually lower extremities) due to atherosclerosis -intermittent claudication (absence of pain/discomfort at rest but pain/tension/weakness while walking) -treat with exercise, avoidance of nicotine (vasoconstriction), and treatment of risk factors (hypertension, hyperlipidemia, diabetes)
55
Raynaud phenomenon/disease
-bilaterally occurring vasospastic disorder manifested by intermittent attacks of extreme pallor, then cyanosis of the fingers/toes (thumbs rarely involved) brought on by cold exposure. with warming vasodilation & intense redness develops followed by swelling, throbbing & paresthesias -may also accompany emotional upset or cigarette smoking -female\>male (4:1) -phenomenon is secondary to other conditions such as atherosclerosis, lupus, or scleroderma whereas disease is of uncertain cause in otherwise healthy pt's
56
Varicose veins
-elongated, dilated, tortuous superficial veins w/ congenitally absent valves or valves that have become incompetent resulting in blood pooling & distended veins -20% of all adults, female\>male (5:1) -sometimes asymptomatic, otherwise; leg cramps, dilation/tortuosity of superficial veins, edema of effected limb, leg aches, fatigue, pain (if ulceration develops)
57
Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor
antihypertensive drug that blocks the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II causing blood vessels to dilate. prevents heart attacks, CHF, stroke, and death.
58
Auscultation
listening for sounds in blood vessels or other body structures, typically using a stethoscope
59
Beta-blocker
drug used to treat angina, hypertension, and arrhythmias by blocking the action of epinephrine at receptor sites on cells, slowing the heartbeat, and reducing workload on the heart
60
Biventricular pacemaker
device enabling ventricles to beat together (in synchrony) so that more blood is pumped out of the heart
61
Bruit
abnormal blowing or swishing sound heard during auscultation of an artery or organ
62
Calcium channel blocker
drug used to treat angina and hypertension, dilates blood vessels by blocking the influx of calcium into muscle cells lining vessels
63
Cardiac arrest
sudden, unexpected stoppage of heart action, often leading to sudden cardiac death
64
Digoxin
drug that treats arrhythmias and strengthens the heart
65
Patent
Open
66
Pericardial friction rub
scraping or grating noise heard on auscultation of the heart; suggestive of pericarditis
67
Statins
drugs used to lower cholesterol in the bloodstream
68
Thrill
vibration felt over an area of turmoil in blood flow (such as a blocked artery)
69
Vegetations
clumps of platelets, clotting proteins, microorganisms, and red blood cells on diseased heart valves
70
Brain natriuretic peptide (BNP)
-blood test that differentiates cardiac from pulmonary causes of dyspnea (\>100pg/mL in heart failure)
71
Serum enzyme tests/Cardiac biomarkers
-chemicals are measured in the blood as evidence of a heart attack -troponin-I (cTnI) and troponin-T (cTnT) (very specific & sensitive to cardiac injury, elevated within 3 hours and can stay elevated \>1 week) -myoglobin (elevated but nonspecific) -creatinine phosphokinase (CPK) (elevated but nonspecific) -CK MB isoenzyme (specific)
72
Lipid tests
-measurement of cholesterol and triglycerides in a blood sample; includes total cholesterol, HDL (good), LDL (bad), and triglycerides -lipoprotein electrophoresis is the process which separates the types of lipoproteins
73
Angiography
x-ray imaging of blood vessels after injection of contrast into an artery
74
Computed tomography angiography (CTA)
three dimensional x-ray images of the heart and coronary arteries, less invasive than angioplasty
75
Digital subtraction angiography (DSA)
video equipment and a computer produce x-ray images of blood vessels (x-rays w/ and w/o contrast are superimposed to create one image)
76
Electron beam computed tomography (EBCT or EBT)
electron beams and CT identifies calcium deposits in and around the coronary arteries, may diagnose early CAD. results in a coronary artery calcium score which indicates future risk of heart attack/stroke
77
Echocardiography (ECHO)
high-frequency sound waves and echoes produce images of the heart, done transthoracid or transesophageal (TEE). detects cardiac masses, prosthetic valve function, aneurysms, and pericardial fluid
78
Doppler ultrasound studies
sound waves measure blood flow within blood vessels used to hear vessel obstruction. Duplex ultrasound combines doppler & conventional ultrasound can be used to diagnose artery occlusion, aneurysms, varicose veins etc.
79
Positron emission tomography (PET) scan
-shows blood flow and myocardial function after uptake of radioactive glucose, used to detect CAD, myocardial dysfunction, ischemic heart disease, and cardiomyopathy
80
Technetium Tc 99m sestamibi scan
-technetium 99m sestamibi is injected IV and taken up in areas of an MI -also used w/ an exercise tolerance test (ETT-MIBI) to define areas of poor blood flow in heart muscle
81
Thallium 201 scan
-concentration of radioactive substance is measured in myocardium, infarcted or scarred myocardium show up as "cold spots"
82
Cardiac MRI
images of the heart are produced using radiowave energy in a magnetic field, helpful with aneurysms, cardiac output, wall thickness & patency of vessels. contraindicated w/ pacemakers.
83
Magnetic resonance angiography (MRA)
new type of MRI that gives detailed images of blood vessels, uses gadolinium as contrast agent
84
Cardiac catheterization
-thin, flexible tube is guided into the heart via a vein or artery to detect pressures & patterns of blood flow. contrast may be injected & x-ray images taken in a process called coronary angiography which is the gold standard for diagnosing CAD. -helps define site, severity & morphology of lesions as well as a qualitative assessment of blood flow. look for potentially viable areas of myocardium which may benefit from a revascularization procedure.
85
Electrocardiography (ECG or EKG)
-record of electricity flowing through the heart, performed continuously through telemetry
86
Holter monitoring
-ECG device worn for 24 hours to detect arrhythmias, rhythm changes are correlated w/ symptoms recorded in a diary
87
Stress test
-ETT (exercise tolerance test) determines the heart's response to physical exertion -Pt placed on treadmill and attached to monitor which records vitals and EKG rhythms
88
Catheter ablation
brief delivery of radio-frequency energy to destroy areas of heart tissue that may be causing arrhythmias
89
Cardioversion
the process of restoring the heart's normal rhythm from an abnormal rhythm, most elective cardioversions are performed to treat a-fib, a-flutter, and supraventricular tachycardia
90
Coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG)
bypassing blockages in coronary arteries with a blood vessel taken from another part of the patient's body (internal mammary, radial, and saphenous vessels)
91
Defibrillation
technique used in emergency medicine to terminate v-fib or v-tach. uses electrical shock to reset electrical state of the heart so that it may beat to a rhythm controlled by its own natural pacemaker cells. NOT effective for asystole (flatline) and pulseless electrical activity (PEA)
92
Endarterectomy
surgical removal of plaque from an artery taht has become narrowed or blocked, commonly on carotid arteries.
93
Extracorporeal circulation
diversion of blood flow through a circuit located outside the body but continuous w/ body circulation; heart-lung machine. used for heart repair surgery. uses the technique of ECMO (extracorporeal membrane oxygenation)
94
Heart transplantation
surgical transplant procedure performed on patients w/ end stage heart failure or severe CAD, most commonly the new heart is taken from a recently deceased organ donor. The pt's own heart may either be removed (orthotopic procedure) or less commonly left in to support donor heart (heterotropic procedure)
95
Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI)
balloon-tipped catheter is inserted into a coronary artery to open the artery; stents are put in place to prevent restenosis. typically catheter is threaded through an artery in the groin, known as percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (aka PTCA, coronary artery balloon dilation, or balloon angioplasty)
96
Left ventricular assist device (LVAD)
patients placed on a booster pump when waiting for a heart transplant, often called "bridge to transplant"
97
Thrombolytic therapy
Thrombolytic agents are given to dissolve abnormal thromboses; streptokinase (SK), urokinase (UK), and tissue plasminogen activator (tPA). These restore blood flow and limit irreversible damage to heart muscle after an MI, reducing mortality by 25%.
98
Transcatheter aortic valve replacement
Placement of a balloon-expandable aortic heart valve into the body via a femoral artery catheter; minimally invasive procedure used to treat aortic stenosis
99
yellowish plaque; fatty substance
Ather/o
100
atrium
Atri/o
101
arm
Brachi/o
102
heart
Cardi/o
103
heart
Coron/o
104
blue
Cyan/o
105
vein
Phleb/o
106
vein
Ven/o
107
vein
Ven/i
108
pulse
Sphygm/o
109
chest
Steth/o
110
clot
Thromb/o
111
vessel
Vas/o
112
vessel
Vascul/o
113
relaxation phase of the heart beat
Diastole
114
abnormal heart sound
Murmur
115
heart beat originating in the SA node in patients at rest of 60-100 bpm
Normal Sinus Rhythm (NSR)
116
instrument to measure blood pressure
Sphygmomanometer
117
contraction phase of heart beat
Systole
118
-closure of AV valves -beginning of systole -mitral (M1) slightly precedes tricuspid (T1) component -commonly fused as 1 sound -loudest at apex -coincides w/ carotid pulse
First Heart Sound (S1)
119
-closure of semilunar valves -end of systole -aortic (A2) precedes pulmonic (P2) -loudest at base, best heard in aortic and pulmonic areas -may become 2 components during inspiration, single sound as breath exhaled -S2 splitting greatest at peak of inspiration (varies from easy to hear to nondetectable)
Second Heart Sound (S2)
120
abnormal heart rhythms (dysrhythmia) ex - heart block, flutter, fibrillation
Arrhythmias
121
failure of proper conduction of impulses through the AV node to the bundle of His
Heart block
122
rapid but regular contractions of atria, saw-tooth appearance
Atrial flutter
123
rapid, random, ineffectual and irregular contractions of the atria
Atrial fibrillation
124
rapid, random, ineffectual and irregular contractions of the ventricles
Ventricular fibrillation
125
-severe narrowing of descending aorta usually at the junction of the ductus arteriosus and the aortic arch (ligamentum arteriosum) -associated w/ defects of aortic valve in 75-80% of cases -upper extremity hypertension (20mmHg higher than lower extremity) -absent or diminished femoral pulses -systolic murmur at left sternal border (LSB), radiates to back
Coarctation of Aorta
126
-failure of the ductus arteriosus to close after birth -75% of the time occurs as an isolated defect -Signs/symptoms; failure to grow, recurrent respiratory infections, easy fatigability, DOE (dyspnea on exertion), SOB (shortness of breath), angina, syncope, CONTINUOUS MACHINERY MURMUR, thrill at left upper sternal border, bounding pulses -premature infants at increased risk -75% close within 3 months
Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA)
127
vessel
Angi/o
128
aorta
Aort/o
129
artery
Arter/o Arteri/o
130
cholesterol (a lipid substance)
Cholesterol/o
131
mucus
Myx/o
132
oxygen
Ox/o
133
pericardium
Pericardi/o
134
rhythm
Rrhythm/o
135
valve
Valvul/o Valv/o
136
ventricle, lower heart chamber
Ventricul/o
137
-defect or opening in the atrial septum allowing flow of blood between the two chambers (shunting is typically L to R) -childhood symptoms usually minimal (sometimes failure to thrive & frequent pulmonary infections -adult symptoms; easy fatigability, DOE, heart failure -surgical repair delayed until preschool age (2-4) -females \> males
Atrial septal defect
138
-congenital or acquired defect of the interventricular septum that allows communication of blood between L and R ventricles; most common congenital heart defect (can occur after MI as well) -male = female -symptoms depend on the degree of shunting across the defect; respiratory distress, tachypnea, holosystolic murmur
Ventricular septal defect
139
-blood doesn't get oxygenated; thrill, S1 normal, loud A2, diminished P2 (murmur loud, crescendo-decrescendo). Cyanosis at birth Four components -Right ventricular outflow stenosis (pulmonic stenosis) -VSD -Right ventricular hypertrophy (RVH) -Overriding aorta (dextroposition of aorta)
Tetralogy of Fallot
140
-principle complication of heart disease, produced by an abnormality in cardiac pump function (heart can't transport blood sufficiently to meet metabolic needs) -most common inpatient diagnosis for pt's \>65 -DOE is cardinal sign of left heart failure -Also nocturia, deteriorating exercise capacity, fatigue, dyspnea, weakness, tachypnea w/ mild exertion, nocturnal productive cough, orthopnea, PND (paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea), wheezing (esp nocturnal)
Congestive heart failure (CHF)
141
-arteriosclerosis; deposition of fatty compounds on tunica interna resulting in thickening & loss of elasticity of arterial walls progressively blocking coronary arteries & their branches -chronic process, risk factors are HTN (hypertension), DM (diabetes mellitus), tobacco, obesity, male (males\>females), physical inactivity, increasing age, family history
Coronary artery disease (CAD)
142
Conditions caused by myocardial ischemia, including... -Unstable angina; chest pain at rest or pain of increasing frequency, intensity, or duration (nitroglycerine) -Acute myocardial infarction; MONA (morphine, oxygen, nitrates, aspirin) & early revascularization
Acute coronary syndromes (ACSs)
143
-inflammation of the inner lining of the heart resulting from infection, primarily of the valvular endocardium and occasionally the mural endocardium -male\>female (slightly); fever, night sweats, anorexia, heart murmur, chest pain, SOB, cough -treat w/ IV antibiotics
Endocarditis
144
-high blood pressure affecting the heart -left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) from overworking & coronary artery disease (CAD) -conduction abnormalities & systolic and diastolic disfunction
Hypertensive heart disease
145
-improper closure of mitral valve; valve is competent in early systole but prolapses into atrium later in systole -late systolic murmur, midsystolic clicks -apex & left sternal border -easily missed in supine position (also listen in upright position)
Mitral valve prolapse
146
-extra heart sound heard between normal beats -blowing, swooshing sounds due to turbulent blood flow & collision currents -can happen if velocity of blood increases (flow murmur), if viscosity of blood decreases, or if there are structural defects in the valves or unusual opening in chambers -a thrill (vibration felt on palpation of chest) often accompanies murmurs
Murmur
147
-inflammation of the pericardium -symptoms include chest pain (retrosternal w/ radiation to back) which is typically sharp & sudden in onset, made worse with inspiration/movement and reduced by leaning forward & sitting up. also splinted breathing, fever, myalgia, and pericardial friction rub -can lead to cardiac tamponade
Pericarditis
148
-rheumatic fever is preceded by strep group A infection -causes inflammation & scarring of heart valves leading to pericarditis, myocarditis, valvular insufficiency (mitral stenosis), atrial fibrillation, and possibly CHF
Rheumatic heart disease
149
-a permanent localized dilation of the abdominal aorta having at least 50% increase in diameter compared to expected diameter, mostly asymptomatic -may present w/ rupture, embolism, or thrombosis; pulsatile epigastric mass, vague abdominal pain (radiate to back or flank), vertebral body erosion -male\>female (4:1) -management/indications for surgery dictated by natural history of aneurysm, type, and size
Aneurysm (aortic)
150
-blood clot in a large vein, usually lower limb -common in pt's on prolonged bed rest, those w/ chronic debilitating disease, and malignancies -pain or tenderness in claf/thigh, usually unilateral although it may be asymptomatic with PE as primary presentation
Deep venous thrombosis (DVT)
151
-high blood pressure (either systolic \>140, diastolic \>90 consistently) -many factors; amount of blood pumped by heart, size/condition of arteries, volume of water, salt content, condition of kidneys, nervous system, hormone levels -essential = no identifiable cause (may be genetic, environmental, or dietary) -secondary = HTN caused by another disorder (glomerulonephritis, pyelonephritis, adrenal disorder)
Hypertension (HTN)
152
-blockage of arteries carrying blood to legs, arms, kidneys and other organs (usually lower extremities) due to atherosclerosis -intermittent claudication (absence of pain/discomfort at rest but pain/tension/weakness while walking) -treat with exercise, avoidance of nicotine (vasoconstriction), and treatment of risk factors (hypertension, hyperlipidemia, diabetes)
Peripheral artery disease (PAD)
153
-bilaterally occurring vasospastic disorder manifested by intermittent attacks of extreme pallor, then cyanosis of the fingers/toes (thumbs rarely involved) brought on by cold exposure. with warming vasodilation & intense redness develops followed by swelling, throbbing & paresthesias -may also accompany emotional upset or cigarette smoking -female\>male (4:1) -phenomenon is secondary to other conditions such as atherosclerosis, lupus, or scleroderma whereas disease is of uncertain cause in otherwise healthy pt's
Raynaud phenomenon/disease
154
-elongated, dilated, tortuous superficial veins w/ congenitally absent valves or valves that have become incompetent resulting in blood pooling & distended veins -20% of all adults, female\>male (5:1) -sometimes asymptomatic, otherwise; leg cramps, dilation/tortuosity of superficial veins, edema of effected limb, leg aches, fatigue, pain (if ulceration develops)
Varicose veins
155
antihypertensive drug that blocks the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II causing blood vessels to dilate. prevents heart attacks, CHF, stroke, and death.
Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor
156
listening for sounds in blood vessels or other body structures, typically using a stethoscope
Auscultation
157
drug used to treat angina, hypertension, and arrhythmias by blocking the action of epinephrine at receptor sites on cells, slowing the heartbeat, and reducing workload on the heart
Beta-blocker
158
device enabling ventricles to beat together (in synchrony) so that more blood is pumped out of the heart
Biventricular pacemaker
159
abnormal blowing or swishing sound heard during auscultation of an artery or organ
Bruit
160
drug used to treat angina and hypertension, dilates blood vessels by blocking the influx of calcium into muscle cells lining vessels
Calcium channel blocker
161
sudden, unexpected stoppage of heart action, often leading to sudden cardiac death
Cardiac arrest
162
drug that treats arrhythmias and strengthens the heart
Digoxin
163
Open
Patent
164
scraping or grating noise heard on auscultation of the heart; suggestive of pericarditis
Pericardial friction rub
165
drugs used to lower cholesterol in the bloodstream
Statins
166
vibration felt over an area of turmoil in blood flow (such as a blocked artery)
Thrill
167
clumps of platelets, clotting proteins, microorganisms, and red blood cells on diseased heart valves
Vegetations
168
-blood test that differentiates cardiac from pulmonary causes of dyspnea (\>100pg/mL in heart failure)
Brain natriuretic peptide (BNP)
169
-chemicals are measured in the blood as evidence of a heart attack -troponin-I (cTnI) and troponin-T (cTnT) (very specific & sensitive to cardiac injury, elevated within 3 hours and can stay elevated \>1 week) -myoglobin (elevated but nonspecific) -creatinine phosphokinase (CPK) (elevated but nonspecific) -CK MB isoenzyme (specific)
Serum enzyme tests/Cardiac biomarkers
170
-measurement of cholesterol and triglycerides in a blood sample; includes total cholesterol, HDL (good), LDL (bad), and triglycerides -lipoprotein electrophoresis is the process which separates the types of lipoproteins
Lipid tests
171
x-ray imaging of blood vessels after injection of contrast into an artery
Angiography
172
three dimensional x-ray images of the heart and coronary arteries, less invasive than angioplasty
Computed tomography angiography (CTA)
173
video equipment and a computer produce x-ray images of blood vessels (x-rays w/ and w/o contrast are superimposed to create one image)
Digital subtraction angiography (DSA)
174
electron beams and CT identifies calcium deposits in and around the coronary arteries, may diagnose early CAD. results in a coronary artery calcium score which indicates future risk of heart attack/stroke
Electron beam computed tomography (EBCT or EBT)
175
high-frequency sound waves and echoes produce images of the heart, done transthoracid or transesophageal (TEE). detects cardiac masses, prosthetic valve function, aneurysms, and pericardial fluid
Echocardiography (ECHO)
176
sound waves measure blood flow within blood vessels used to hear vessel obstruction. Duplex ultrasound combines doppler & conventional ultrasound can be used to diagnose artery occlusion, aneurysms, varicose veins etc.
Doppler ultrasound studies
177
-shows blood flow and myocardial function after uptake of radioactive glucose, used to detect CAD, myocardial dysfunction, ischemic heart disease, and cardiomyopathy
Positron emission tomography (PET) scan
178
-technetium 99m sestamibi is injected IV and taken up in areas of an MI -also used w/ an exercise tolerance test (ETT-MIBI) to define areas of poor blood flow in heart muscle
Technetium Tc 99m sestamibi scan
179
-concentration of radioactive substance is measured in myocardium, infarcted or scarred myocardium show up as "cold spots"
Thallium 201 scan
180
images of the heart are produced using radiowave energy in a magnetic field, helpful with aneurysms, cardiac output, wall thickness & patency of vessels. contraindicated w/ pacemakers.
Cardiac MRI
181
new type of MRI that gives detailed images of blood vessels, uses gadolinium as contrast agent
Magnetic resonance angiography (MRA)
182
-thin, flexible tube is guided into the heart via a vein or artery to detect pressures & patterns of blood flow. contrast may be injected & x-ray images taken in a process called coronary angiography which is the gold standard for diagnosing CAD. -helps define site, severity & morphology of lesions as well as a qualitative assessment of blood flow. look for potentially viable areas of myocardium which may benefit from a revascularization procedure.
Cardiac catheterization
183
-record of electricity flowing through the heart, performed continuously through telemetry
Electrocardiography (ECG or EKG)
184
-ECG device worn for 24 hours to detect arrhythmias, rhythm changes are correlated w/ symptoms recorded in a diary
Holter monitoring
185
-ETT (exercise tolerance test) determines the heart's response to physical exertion -Pt placed on treadmill and attached to monitor which records vitals and EKG rhythms
Stress test
186
brief delivery of radio-frequency energy to destroy areas of heart tissue that may be causing arrhythmias
Catheter ablation
187
the process of restoring the heart's normal rhythm from an abnormal rhythm, most elective cardioversions are performed to treat a-fib, a-flutter, and supraventricular tachycardia
Cardioversion
188
bypassing blockages in coronary arteries with a blood vessel taken from another part of the patient's body (internal mammary, radial, and saphenous vessels)
Coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG)
189
technique used in emergency medicine to terminate v-fib or v-tach. uses electrical shock to reset electrical state of the heart so that it may beat to a rhythm controlled by its own natural pacemaker cells. NOT effective for asystole (flatline) and pulseless electrical activity (PEA)
Defibrillation
190
surgical removal of plaque from an artery taht has become narrowed or blocked, commonly on carotid arteries.
Endarterectomy
191
diversion of blood flow through a circuit located outside the body but continuous w/ body circulation; heart-lung machine. used for heart repair surgery. uses the technique of ECMO (extracorporeal membrane oxygenation)
Extracorporeal circulation
192
surgical transplant procedure performed on patients w/ end stage heart failure or severe CAD, most commonly the new heart is taken from a recently deceased organ donor. The pt's own heart may either be removed (orthotopic procedure) or less commonly left in to support donor heart (heterotropic procedure)
Heart transplantation
193
balloon-tipped catheter is inserted into a coronary artery to open the artery; stents are put in place to prevent restenosis. typically catheter is threaded through an artery in the groin, known as percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (aka PTCA, coronary artery balloon dilation, or balloon angioplasty)
Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI)
194
patients placed on a booster pump when waiting for a heart transplant, often called "bridge to transplant"
Left ventricular assist device (LVAD)
195
Thrombolytic agents are given to dissolve abnormal thromboses; streptokinase (SK), urokinase (UK), and tissue plasminogen activator (tPA). These restore blood flow and limit irreversible damage to heart muscle after an MI, reducing mortality by 25%.
Thrombolytic therapy
196
Placement of a balloon-expandable aortic heart valve into the body via a femoral artery catheter; minimally invasive procedure used to treat aortic stenosis
Transcatheter aortic valve replacement
