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Anatomy and Physiology - 300 > Blood vessels lecture 2 > Flashcards

Blood vessels lecture 2 Flashcards

(78 cards)

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1
Q

Diffusion

A

Passive movement high to low concentration

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2
Q

Transcytosis

A

Active transport of larger fat insoluble

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3
Q

Filtration

A

Movement of water higher to lower concentration

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4
Q

Diffusion occurs rapidly when?

A

short distance, large concentration gradient, small ions/molecules

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5
Q

Diffusion is important for?

A

solute exchange

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6
Q

How transcytosis works?

A

Hormone enters one side of cell via pinocytic vesicle and exits other side

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7
Q

What is Bulk flow?

A

large numbers of ions, molecules, moving in same direction passively

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8
Q

Bulk Flow Filtration movement occurs where?

A

capillaries to interstitial fluid

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9
Q

Bulk Flow Re-absorption occurs where?

A

Interstitial fluid to capillaries

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10
Q

Filtration: Blood Hydrostatic Pressure

A

Pressure of blood on vessel walls pushes molecules out

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11
Q

Filtration: Interstitial Fluid colloid osmotic pressure

A

Interstitial fluid pulling from capillaries to IF

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12
Q

Re-absorption: Blood Colloid osmotic pressure

A

Albumins pull fluid from IF into blood

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13
Q

Re-absorption: Interstitial fluid Hydrostatic pressure

A

Pressure pushes fluid from IF to capillaries

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14
Q

Movement across capillary is largely dependent on?

A

Hydrostatic and osmotic pressure of blood

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15
Q

What is Net Filtration Pressure

A

Balance of pressures determining direction of fluid flow

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16
Q

What is edema?

A

Swelling - abnormal IF volume

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17
Q

What are hemodynamics

A

Factors affecting blood flow

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18
Q

Blood flow is dependent on which two factors?

A

Pressure Difference
Peripheral Resistance

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19
Q

Systolic Blood Pressure

A

Highest pressure attained in arteries during systolic contraction

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20
Q

Diastolic Blood Pressure

A

Lowest pressure attained in arteries during diastolic relaxation

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21
Q

Mean arterial pressure

A

average BP in arteries

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22
Q

Which is higher Arterial or Venous pressure?

A

Arterial

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23
Q

Capillary pressure is lower than artery because?

A

Increased surface area and blood spreading

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24
Q

Blood pressure in veins maintained by what two things?

A

Valves
muscular compression of veins

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25
Capillary blood flow is slow and allows time for?
Time for capillary exchange
26
What is Venous Return
Amount of blood to right atrium per min
27
Where is highest pressure located
Aorta - pressure keeps decreasing from there
28
Peripheral Resistance is dependent on what 3 factors?
Size of lumen in vessel Blood vessel length Blood viscosity
29
How does size of lumen affect fluid movement
Smaller lumen, more resistance Larger lumen, less resistance
30
How does blood vessel length affect fluid movement?
Longer the vessel, more resistance
31
How blood viscosity affects fluid movement
Increased solutes, etc.. increase viscosity = increase resistance
32
What is Systemic Vascular Resistance aka. Total Peripheral Resistance
Total resistance entire vascular system
33
What contributes most to Systemic Vascular Resistance
Arterioles (most), capillaries, venules,
34
Why do arterioles contribute the most to Systemic Vascular Resistance
The ability to contract because of more smooth muscle
35
Velocity of blood flow is relationship between what?
Fluid velocity with cross sectional area of closed tube
36
What has the most cross sectional area, therefore slowest blood velocity?
Capillaries and venules
37
What are the two regulatory pathways for Homeostatic mechanisms
Autoregulation Central regulation
38
How does autoregulation work
Opening or closing pre-capillary sphincters to regulate BP
39
What factors lead to autoregulation
Vasodilating and constricting chemicals (endothelins) Changes in oxygen levels
40
If there is low blood in pulmonary tissues why would vessels constrict?
No oxygen to oxygenate blood
41
What does central regulation involve?
Neural and endocrine mechanisms
42
Which neural mechanisms affect BP
Cardioacceleratory/inhibitory centers
43
How does endocrine system affect BP
Releasing vasoconstrictors
44
What 4 mechanisms do Central regulation mechanisms receive input from?
Baroceptors Chemoreceptors Proprioceptors Limbic system & higher brain centers
45
Baroreceptors are located in walls of ?
Carotid sinuses - brain pressure Aortic sinuses - systemic pressure Right atrium
46
What do cardiac accelerator nerves do?
Increase HR and cardiac output
47
What do Vagus nerves do?
parasympathetic nervous system decrease HR and CO
48
What do Vasomotor nerves do?
cause vasoconstriction of blood vessels
49
What do endocrine responses use for BP and flow?
Hormones that provide short term and long term regulation using functions of heart, kidneys, pituitary
50
Immediate Hormonal response to low blood pressure and volume?
Immediate response: Adrenals release epinephrine and norepinephrine
51
What is the Renin – Angiotensin –Aldosterone system ## Footnote Hormonal Regulation BP
Cascade: Kidneys release renin Renin converts angiotensin into angiotensin II (AG II) AG II increases BP
52
What is the goal of Anti-diuretic Hormone (ADH) aka “vasopressin”
Increase BP by kidneys absorbing more H20 (less pee)
53
What is the goal of Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP)?
Protein released from heart to decrease BP --- more pee
54
What is syncope? fainting
Lack of blood flow to brain sudden loss of consciousness
55
What is shock
cardiovascular crisis - low BP, peripheral blood flow
56
Hypovolemic Shock –
decreased total volume of blood (ie. hemorrhaging or excessive dehydration)
57
Cardiogenic Shock –
poor/lack of normal heart functioning (MI, arrythmias, fibrillations)
58
Obstructive Shock –
blockage of blood flow (thrombus & embolus formations)
59
Anaphylactic Shock –
massive vasodilation in response to an allergen
60
Neurogenic Shock –
damage to nervous system interrupts normal neural BP regulation
61
Septic Shock –
shock in response to sepsis
62
Signs and Symptoms of Shock
Drop in BP Decreased blood to organs
63
Pulse
traveling pressure wave generated by systole & diastole of the ventricles.
64
Korotkoff sounds
sounds heard through the stethoscope
65
Systolic Blood Pressure (SBP)
HIGHEST pressure attained in arteries during systolic contraction
66
Diastolic Blood Pressure
LOWEST pressure attained in arteries during diastolic relaxation
67
Pulse pressure
is the difference between systolic & diastolic pressures
68
Hypertension
increase in the pulse pressures beyond the normal range
69
Hypotension
decrease in the pulse pressures beyond the normal range
70
Vasculitis
inflammation of the vessel wall, due to autoimmune disease or infection
71
Phlebitis and arteritis
Phlebitis = inflammation of a vein arteritis = inflammation of an artery
72
Temporal arteritis
Inflammation of the temporal artery in the scalp
73
Atherosclerosis
the formation of lipid lumps (atheromas) in the blood vessel wall m/c cardiovascular disease
74
Coronary artery disease
Atherosclerosis with narrowing of the arteries supplying blood to the heart muscle more likely heart attack
75
Carotid artery disease
Atherosclerosis with narrowing of one or both of the carotid arteries in the neck. more likely stroke
76
Peripheral artery disease
Atherosclerosis that causes narrowing of the arteries in the legs or groin.
77
Chronic Venous Insufficiency
damages veins causing blood to pool in your legs.
78
Arterial thrombosis
blood clot that develops in an artery.

Anatomy and Physiology - 300 (14 decks)

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